Tanzania

Harvest_Zanthoxylum chalybeum_Tanzania

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 16:40:16 +0000

Harvest_Zanthoxylum chalybeum_Tanzania Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 16:40

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Wild species used in significantly modified habitat (e.g., oil palm plantations, rice paddies)

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Conservation and Management Challenges Facing a Medicinal Plant Zanthoxylum chalybeum in Simanjiro Area, Northern Tanzania

Stable

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

CMS listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Zanthoxylum chalybeum

Common Name(s)

Zanthoxylum chalybeum

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

The most used plant parts for medicinal purposes were reported to be the roots and the stem bark (90.3% and 81.6%, respectively), possibly suggesting mortality caused by heavy harvesting.
Respondents also mentioned other uses of the Z. chalybeum plant to be as beverage (porridge and tea) spice (83.5%), ruminant fodder
(especially seeds) (58%), for Boma fencing (30%), and as firewood (11.6%).

How is the primary use carried out?

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Additional Details (if available)

Zanthoxylum chalybeum is an important medicinal plant for malaria treatment, fever, cough, headaches, chest pain, digestive disorders (e.g., ulcers), some problems associated with the female reproductive system, diabetes, and toothache; Moreover, according to [12], the tree species is of economic importance to most of the rural communities who have inadequate livelihood resources. The plant leaves have been processed to make vegetables in powder form and sold in the market at TZS 2000 (USD 1.5) for 500 g and thus provide income.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Energy/Fuel

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Tanzania

Sub region/state

Manyara Region

Name

Simanjiro District

Site Description

The district lies between 3◦52′ and 4◦24′ South and 36◦05′ and 36◦39′ East

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The harvesting methods of this species are considered to be unsustainable; Z. chalybeum is under the threat of unsustainability since roots and barks are the main plant parts harvested.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Mbinile, S. D., Munishi, L. K., Ngondya, I. B., & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2020). Conservation and Management Challenges Facing a Medicinal Plant Zanthoxylum chalybeum in Simanjiro Area, Northern Tanzania. Sustainability, 12(10), 4140. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104140

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Agriculture

Land Use Change

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Fire

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Tanzania

Hunting_African Lion_Tanzania

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 02 Feb 2022 15:01:25 +0000

Hunting_African Lion_Tanzania Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/02/2022 - 15:01

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/02/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Non-detriment Report Under Cites Regarding The Export Of African Lions Panthera Leo From The United Republic Of Tanzania

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon but wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

CMS listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Lions are protected throughout the country, and it is the policy of the Government to conserve them both inside and outside protected areas as part of the countries biological heritage (Wildlife Conservation Act, 1974);

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Conflict and War

Residential and Commercial Development

Pollution

Additional Details (if available)

Threats to Lion in Tanzania are limited/reversible.
There are four types of non-natural mortality of lions in Tanzania on the based on research records, District Problem-Animal files and Wildlife Division Hunting records; Problem-animal control (PAC), ritual hunting, tourist hunting and road kills

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The main threats to Lions are indiscriminate killing (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect human life and livestock) and prey base depletion. Habitat loss and conversion has led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated (Bauer et al. 2008). Furthermore, trophy hunting has a net positive impact in a some areas, but may have at times contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Packer et al. 2009, 2011, 2013), Cameroon (Croes et al. 2011) and Zambia (Rosenblatt et al. 2014).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Panthera leo

Common Name(s)

African Lion

Simba

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies

Amount

193.00

Units Of Measurement

lions harvested annually from a quota of 320

Time period over which this has been recorded

2000-2007

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

Harvesting of lions in Tanzania is controlled through the Wildlife Conservation Act (1974) and Hunting Regulations (2002).

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

Illegal harvest and trade in lion body parts are rare nationally (9 skins impounded between 2000-7), making it difficult to estimate through meaningful quantitative measures. These numbers are not considered when setting quotas, as numbers are regarded low and insignificant.

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Tanzania

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

National / local private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

lions are harvested for trophy by foreign tourists hunters that must export them.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The harvest management regime in place insures that no lions are hunted by resident hunters and that only tourist hunters are permit- ted and in designated areas. The regime also insures that the tourist hunter’s harvest is limited (in quantity and quality) by a quota system. Approximately 193 lions were harvested annually from a quota of 320 between 2000-7, meeting 63.3% of harvest requirement. Regression analyses for key lion populations have shown significantly, positive linear relationships between quotas and offtake/harvest. A visual presentation by graphs of relationships between quotas and harvest/off- take are given in ANNEX II to show current non-detriment effects in Tanzania. These findings suggest current harvest levels have had no- detriment effects to the lion population in Tanzania.
In conclusion, the requirements for a non-detriment finding are met with the management regime put in place by the Wildlife Division.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Present

Support from Government

Present

High financial returns from use

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Ikanda, D.K. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 5 – Mammals: Non-detriment Report Under Cites Regarding The Export Of African Lions Panthera Leo From The United Republic Of Tanzania.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Direct Persecution

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Country reference

Tanzania

Harvesting_African Teak_Tanzania

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 25 Jan 2022 13:13:28 +0000

Harvesting_African Teak_Tanzania Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 01/25/2022 - 13:13

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 01/25/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Assessing the sustainability of harvest of Pterocarpus angolensis in Rukwa Region, Tanzania

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon but wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Residential and Commercial Development

Disease

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The species is overexploited for its timber which has caused many local populations to become diminished. This exploitation endangers those large trees that are of harvestable size (Takawira-Nyenya 2005). The current harvest of the timber is unsustainable one study showed that if current rate of timber extraction (5.6% per annum) continued in Northern Province, South Africa, all exploitable timber would be gone within the next 30 years (Desmet et al. 1996). Big trees are now rarely seen and there are not thought to be enough small trees to replace these, immature trees are even being harvested to bridge the gap in some (but not all) places (Geldenhuys 2013). The reduction in large trees reduce the amount of seed being produced (Shackleton 2002) but the impact this has on the potential viability of the tree in the future is not currently known.

The species is intrinsically threatened by its poor germination (Boaler 1966) and low seedling survival rate (Takawira-Nyenya 2005). Seedlings will often be browsed by animals putting them at risk and both trees and seedlings are damaged by elephants within the region. The species is also threatened by a fungus (Fusarium oxysporum) that causes dieback known as Mukwa blight or mukwa dieback (van Wyk et al. 1993).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Pterocarpus angolensis

Common Name(s)

African Teak

Wild Teak

Kiaat

Umvangazi

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Details of parts/products taken

Trees are hand cut, rolled to saw pits, sawn into logs and then removed by truck to a train depot;

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

In Tanzania, P. angolenesis wood is widely utilized for furniture, veneer, carving and general purpose timber; In South Africa, the sap is used traditionally for treatment of ringworms and ulcers, eye treatment against cataracts, malaria, blackwater fever and skin inflammation, and urinary schistosomiasis;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

in Msaginia Forest Reserve (MFR), Settlements and cattle grazing are forbidden in the Forest Reserve but selective harvest of P. angolensis is carried out under license. In practice, most tree cutters spend months in the Forest Reserve and illegally hunt mammals there.
within Katavi National Park (KNP) No temporary or permanent settlements are allowed aside from Park headquarters and two outlying ranger posts; no livestock, beekeeping, hunting, fishing or timber extractions are tolerated. Tanzania National Park rangers conducting vehicle and foot patrols enforce these laws.

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Tanzania

Sub region/state

Rukwa Region, western Tanzania

Site Description

The study site was in and immediately south of Katavi National Park (KNP), latitude 68450 –78050 S, longitude 308450 –318250 E at the north end of Rukwa Valley in Rukwa Region, western Tanzania. The second area is Msaginia Forest Reserve (MFR), adjacent and north east of the Park;

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

State Owned

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Results showed that adult P. angolensis are being removed very rapidly given its slow growth rate as determined from tree ring data, and that regeneration both inside and outside the protected area is very low. A simple model indicates that current harvest is unsustainable raising serious concerns about the long-term viability of this important hardwood species in miombo woodland

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

In the MFR, We cannot predict when economic extinction will occur within this system, but we can say that the population is heading toward economic extinction rapidly. Discussions with loggers suggest that they believe that there is approximately 5 years to go before they will be forced to leave the area;

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Source Reference(s)

Schwartz, M., Caro, T., & Banda-Sakala, T. (2002). Assessing the sustainability of harvest of Pterocarpus angolensis in Rukwa Region, Tanzania. Forest Ecology And Management, 170(1-3), 259-269. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00774-5

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national