Negative Impact

Hunting_African elephant_Africa

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 10:22:53 +0000

Hunting_African elephant_Africa Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/09/2022 - 10:22

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Sustainability of Elephant Hunting Across International Borders in Southern Africa: A Case Study of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

CMS listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Residential and Commercial Development

Energy Production and Mining

Climate Change

Fire

Dams and other System Modifications

Transportation and Service Corridors

Invasive Species

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Poaching of African Savanna Elephants for ivory is a major cause of individual death and population decline (Wittemyer et al. 2014, Thouless et al. 2016). After a sustained period of intense poaching between the late 1970s and 1989, many African Savanna Elephant populations (e.g., in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda) experienced two to three decades of recovery. Data collected as a part of the CITES Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants programme (MIKE), indicate that poaching significantly intensified across the continent starting in 2008 and peaking in 2011 – an unsustainably high level of poaching has continued into current times in some areas of the continent (CITES 2018, 2019), and may be increasing in some of the historically less-affected southern African populations (CITES 2018, 2019). Rapid land use change by humans is driving the direct loss and fragmentation of habitat for African Savanna Elephants and is an increasing threat to populations across their range; Reported increase in human elephant conflict.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Loxodonta africana

Common Name(s)

African Elephant

African Savanna Elephant

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

Population/area management

Additional Details (if available)

The aim of allocating hunting quotas in terms of problem animal control laws are to deter elephants from entering communal areas and to compensate local communities for damage to crops and property;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

Amount

40.00

Units Of Measurement

bulls >35 years old were killed within Botswana and Zimbabwe combined

Time period over which this has been recorded

2010 hunting season

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

Currently, no common policy exits in quota setting for cross-border species, and each country determines their own quota based on limited data. however, there is no single multi-jurisdictional (cross-border) management authority regulating the hunting of elephant

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Name

Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area

Site Description

spread across the junction of Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The GMTFCA is situated at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo Rivers and includes areas from Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

mix of trophy hunting by tourists and hunting by local communities for population management.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

At current rates of hunting, under average ecological conditions, trophy bulls will disappear from the population in less than 10 years.
When considering that the majority of mating in an elephant population is done by bulls >35 years old (Poole 1989, Hollister-Smith et al. 2007), and that loosing these bulls can lead to social problems (Slotow et al. 2000), the maximum sustainable yield for social stability within the study area was predicted by the VORTEX model to be about 10 bulls >35 years old per annum. The current levels of trophy hunting are thus unsustainable and far exceed the MSY of the population.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

the absence of older bulls, young bulls increase the frequency and duration of their musth period (Slotow et al. 2000). Abnormal behaviors in these young males, such as elevated aggression, killing people, and killing white rhino (Ceratotherium sinum sinum) have been the result of distorted male age hierarchies

Other Socio-Economic Impacts

Excessive hunting will therefore affect photographic tourism within the Limpopo Valley through significantly reduced numbers of big bulls, and could affect the chances of viewing elephants in general

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Present

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

High financial returns from use

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Selier, S.-A.J., Page, B.R., Vanak, A.T. and Slotow, R. (2014), Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern Africa: A case study of the greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Jour. Wild. Mgmt., 78: 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.641

Hunting of bulls had a direct effect in reducing bull numbers but also an indirect effect due to disturbance that resulted in movement of elephants out of the areas in which hunting occurred. the elimination of older bulls from elephant populations may negatively affect social cohesion in bull elephant groups

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

Scale of Assessment

Regional/Continental/Multi-country level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Endangered (EN)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Yes, considered unsustainable

Tourism_Dingoes_Australia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 08 Feb 2022 12:35:41 +0000

Tourism_Dingoes_Australia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:35

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Canis lupus dingo

Common Name(s)

Dingo

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

How is the primary use carried out?

Watching/experiencing terrestrial, aerial, or aquatic fauna and flora in the wild (e.g., birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife watching)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

Additional Details (if available)

Wildlife Tourism

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

Amount

350000.00

Units Of Measurement

approximate number of tourists on the island annually

Time period over which this has been recorded

2003

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, customary and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

. Currently, both direct and indirect feeding of Dingoes is strongly discouraged and transgressors face heavy penalties.

Geographic Location

Oceania

Country

Australia

Sub region/state

Queensland

Name

Fraser Island

Site Description

Located off the Queensland coast, approximately 190km north of Brisbane, Fraser Island was given its European name after Captain James Fraser and his wife Eliza were shipwrecked there in 1836 (Sinclair 1990, p. 76–77). The world’s largest sand island, it is almost 125km long, 25km wide in some places, and over 160,000 ha in area.4

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

tourists

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

as the number of tourists to the island increase, so do the reports of Dingo attacks. The first recorded death from such an attack on Fraser Island occurred in April 2001, and was immediately followed by a government-ordered cull of Dingoes. For WT to be sustainable it is not acceptable to have wildlife a risk to human life, nor is it acceptable to eradicate the fauna visitors expect to see.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

as the number of tourists to the island increase, so do the reports of Dingo attacks. The first recorded death from such an attack on Fraser Island occurred in April 2001, and was immediately followed by a government-ordered cull of Dingoes.
Between 1996 and 2001, 279 incidents were reported of which 74 were rated ‘insignificant’ 70 were rated ‘minor’, 95 ‘moderate’ 39 ‘major’ and 1 ‘catastrophic’ (EPA, 2001c, attachment 8).

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Yes, recorded as negative

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Support from NGOs

Present

Support from Government

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Burns, G., & Howard, P. (2003). When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia. Tourism Management, 24(6), 699-712. doi: 10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00146-8

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Unknown/Not Recorded

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

World Heritage Site

The site is a National Park

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Australia

Harvesting_Caterpillar Fungus_Tibetan Plateau

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 11 Jan 2022 11:43:12 +0000

Harvesting_Caterpillar Fungus_Tibetan Plateau Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 01/11/2022 - 11:43

Thu, 01/01/2009 - 12:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 01/11/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Production and Sustainability on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Common Name(s)

Caterpillar Fungus

yartsa gunbu

dongchong xiacao

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Additional Details (if available)

In traditional Tibetan and Chinese medicine Ophiocordyceps sinensis is rec- ognized as a powerful tonic and aphrodisiac. It is also prescribed for lung, liver and kidney issues.
Fur- thermore it has also become a fashionable luxury product, often given as a gift, and a culinary status symbol in China, especially during the Chinese New Year.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Amount

135.00

Units Of Measurement

tons of caterpillar fungus harvested per year, in the entire Tibetan plateau

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

West and Central Asia

Country

China

Sub region/state

Tibetan Plateau (Not only China)

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Details of assessment carried out

The current (and apparently increasing) harvest pressure on caterpillar fungus is unprecedented. With increasing numbers of Tibetans collecting, the absence of traditional sustainable collection techniques and, in some cases local governments optimizing collection, the issue of sustainability looms large; published and unpublished figures do not indicate a population crash thus far, but do not preclude a slightly reduced harvest either. statistics still seem to report stable production, but this result from two factors: more people searching more intensely and also new areas being searched that were not previously accessed for fungal extraction;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Yes

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Yartsa gunbu income provides cash for health care, education, transportation—especially motorcycles—consumer goods and ‘spore’ money for entrepreneurial activities such as trade as well as community activities.

Disputes over access to caterpillar fungus resources, and some of these turn violent, resulting in a few deaths each year.

Other Socio-Economic Impacts

The income derived through the collection and trade of this precious myco-medicinal has led to an empowerment of marginal communities

Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Details of assessment

The caterpillar fungus has become the most important source of cash income in wide areas of the Tibetan Plateau.
In recent years value and collection intensity have immensely increased: its value increased by 900% between 1997 and mid-2008; This stream of cash income to rural communities from collection and trade of yartsa gunbu has caused a far-reaching transformation of social and economic conditions in the last fifteen years.
Is this production boom sustainable? Unfortunately, we do not have an answer to this crucial question that is based on sound scientific methodology. The dependency of the rural communities on, and the long-term availability of, such a precious resource clearly argue for continued harvest of caterpillar fungus.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Winkler, D. (2009). Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Production and Sustainability on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas, Asian Medicine, 5(2), 291-316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/157342109X568829

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Climate Change

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Yes

Scale of Assessment

Regional/Continental/Multi-country level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Country reference

China

Harvest_Yellow-spotted River Turtle_Peru

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 05 Jan 2022 15:41:46 +0000

Harvest_Yellow-spotted River Turtle_Peru Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 01/05/2022 - 15:41

Thu, 01/21/2021 - 12:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 01/05/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Assessing Ecological and Social Dimensions of Success in a Community-based Sustainable Turtle Harvest Program in the Peruvian Amazon

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Podocnemis unifilis

Common Name(s)

Yellow-Spotted River Turtle

Taricaya

Yellow-head Sideneck

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

eggs/hatchlings;
non lethal when destined to the pet trade; lethal when destined to local consumption.

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

Poachers often engage in tense confrontations with members of organized groups and with park rangers. In some cases, offenders are armed and refuse to recognize the authority of members of organized groups as monitors of their managed sectors. Although park rangers hold more legal authority to report offenders to the local police (located in the towns), the mitigation of illicit activity is complicated by the low number of park rangers distributed throughout ranger stations in the reserve.

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

In this study, we focus on a CBCRM program in the Peruvian Amazon that allows for the legal harvest and trade of an IUCN-designated Vulnerable freshwater turtle spe- cies, Podocnemis unifilis.
The governing bodies of the protected areas under Peru’s Ministry of the Environment approve contracts (management plans) in which local people in groups of approximately ten individuals apply to take part in the management activities with the incentive to legally harvest and commercialize a quota of the managed eggs and hatchlings.
The third phase, which began in 2013 and is still operating as of 2019, increased the percentage of hatchlings that community members were allowed to harvest to 40%.

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Peru

Sub region/state

Amazonas - Pacaya- Samiria National Reserve

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Rangers and community members in Pacaya Basin per- ceive a trend of growth in the managed P. unifilis popula- tion since the implementation of the program, yet this perception may diverge from our ecological understanding of the system under current acceptable harvest
We identified eight ecological indicators from the interviews, with the most widely stated indicators of population growth being the perceived abundance of indi- viduals seen basking in Pacaya (58% of respondents), the perceived increases in the population because of increases in the number of nests translocated each year (38%), and perceived increases in the population due to the yearly increase in hatchlings released into the water (35%).

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a positive effect (e.g., reduced competition, reduced risk of hybridization)

Unknown/not recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Additional Details (if available)

Organized groups also contribute to the re-nesting, protection, and release of P. expansa (“Charapa”), but this turtle species is not commercialized.

Details of assessment carried out

but By 2012, the perceived success of the program resulted in an increase in the allowed harvest quota of hatchlings from 20 to 40% per year during Phase 3 (2013–2017). Results from the PVAs (population viability analyses) given the best-available site- and species-specific data revealed that under the current harvest rates (40% of hatchlings per year), the P. unifilis population will continue to decrease over time (84% probability of extinction after 30 years), and an (unknown) additional (illicit) harvest pressure of 100 adults per year increases the probability of extinction to 98% after 30 years;
, respon- dents’ perceptions of a trend of growth are in contrast to our findings of a possible declining population trend under current management. The aforementioned finding highlights the importance of a mixed natural and social sciences approach in elucidating how social understanding and ecological understanding of a system may converge and diverge.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Tensions arise between group members, who may illicitly harvest resources, and park rangers, who are confronted with the decision to engage in disciplinary action and potentially disrupt social relation- ships.

Other Socio-Economic Impacts

Purchasing power --> “In the past, I could not even afford to buy an old pot. Now I can purchase more expensive things, and [now] I have a house.”

Safety --> "a quarter of respondents noted the dangerous nature of the work, including difficult travel terrain, expo- sure to predators and poachers, and adverse weather conditions"

Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Details of assessment

Significant vulnerabilities exist for system sustainability, notably the recent decrease in foreign demand for the traded resource, and hence the recent decrease in values of hatchlings.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Rivera, C.J., Macey, S.K., Blair, M.E. et al. Assessing Ecological and Social Dimensions of Success in a Community-based Sustainable Harvest Program. Environmental Management 67, 731–746 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01425-6

members of local groups were allowed to harvest and directly consume and trade non viable eggs during the first phase of the program (1994–2007) in exchange for the protection of nests and the release of hatchlings into the water

but By 2012, the perceived success of the program resulted in an increase in the allowed harvest quota of hatchlings from 20 to 40% per year during Phase 3 (2013–2017). Results from the PVAs (population viability analyses) given the best-available site- and species-specific data revealed that under the current harvest rates (40% of hatchlings per year), the P. unifilis population will continue to decrease over time (84% probability of extinction after 30 years), and an (unknown) additional (illicit) harvest pressure of 100 adults per year increases the probability of extinction to 98% after 30 years
, respon- dents’ perceptions of a trend of growth are in contrast to our findings of a possible declining population trend under current management. The aforementioned finding highlights the importance of a mixed natural and social sciences approach in elucidating how social understanding and ecological understanding of a system may converge and diverge.

Who is involved in the use?

Men

Additional details of specific groups

The range of ages of the respondents was 24–62.

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national