South and Southeast Asia

Harvesting_Dwarf Bamboo_Taiwan

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 12:24:20 +0000

Harvesting_Dwarf Bamboo_Taiwan Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:24

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Experimental Evaluation of the Sustainability of Dwarf Bamboo (Pseudosasa usawai) Sprout-Harvesting Practices in Yangminshan National Park, Taiwan

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Pseudosasa usawai

Common Name(s)

Dwarf Bamboo

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

Sprout harvesting

How is the primary use carried out?

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Taiwan

Name

Yangminshan National Park

Site Description

YMSNP (121°320E, 25°100N) is a national park in the outskirts of Taipei city, Taiwan. Because of its vicinity to the city, human settlement and agriculture in the area started long before the establishment of the park.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Liao, CC., Chang, CR., Hsu, MT. et al. Experimental Evaluation of the Sustainability of Dwarf Bamboo (Pseudosasa usawai) Sprout-Harvesting Practices in Yangminshan National Park, Taiwan. Environmental Management 54, 320–330 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0296-9

Experimental results suggest that although a single sprout harvest did not significantly alter the subsequent abundance and structure of sprouts, culm damage that accompanied sprout harvesting resulted in shorter, thinner, and fewer sprouts. Weaker recovery was found in windward, continually harvested, and more severely damaged sites.

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Taiwan

Keeping_Slow loris_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 08 Feb 2022 15:28:03 +0000

Keeping_Slow loris_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/08/2022 - 15:28

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Additional Details (if available)

Because slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) adapt fairly well to habitats altered by humans, the wildlife trade is thought to be the most critical factor in their decline (Nekaris & Streicher, 2008).

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species is collected for use as pets, and the animals are sold throughout Southeast Asia (Nekaris and Bearder 2011; Nekaris and Nijman 2007). The teeth are often pulled, resulting in infection and/or death. If animals survive, lack of teeth makes reintroduction impossible.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Nycticebus coucang

Common Name(s)

Slow loris

Greater slow loris

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Amount

77.00

Units Of Measurement

lorises confiscated in a single instance

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Yes, recorded as negative

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Detail of aspects of animal welfare affected

Medical records indicated that in total, 28.6% of the slow lorises died within the first 6 months, mostly due to traumatic injury, and all the infants died. The greatest sources of morbidity were external wounds (33.1% of 166 total medical events) and dental problems (19.3%). Of the surviving individuals, 25.4% displayed abnormal behavior.
The slow lorises were transported without access to food or water, and many were dehydrated upon rescue.The inability to grasp a substrate was likely a great source of distress for the slow lorises during transport and is also a source of stress for slow lorises kept as pets in unsuitable conditions; Forced social proximity to other slow lorises was likely another major source of injury and distress for the slow lorises during transport.

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Illegal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Grace Fuller, Wilhelmina Frederica Eggen, Wirdateti Wirdateti & K. A. I. Nekaris (2018) Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21:3, 224-238, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1393338

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Endangered (EN)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Indonesia

Harvesting_Blue Vanda_Thailand

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 03 Feb 2022 23:51:15 +0000

Harvesting_Blue Vanda_Thailand Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/03/2022 - 23:51

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 02/04/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Non-detrimental Finding Of Vanda Coerulea

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

National conservation status for the case study country Vulnerable

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Vanda Coerulea

Common Name(s)

blue orchid

blue vanda

autumn lady's tresse

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Population/area management

Additional Details (if available)

Blue Vanda is popular among orchid enthusiasts and hybridizers, large numbers of whole plants have been removed from wild for years. The local community collected this orchid from the wild due to the attractive blue flowers, and sold them for around $50 for a big plant with flowers ($1=25 bath). Some plants were reared in their own house

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Scientific Research

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

According to the Forest Act 1941, collection of wild orchids from the forest is prohibited except for research.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Thailand

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Sripotar, D. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 4 – Geophytes and Epiphytes: Non-detrimental Finding Of Vanda Coerulea.

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Thailand

Fishing_Napoleon Fish_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 01 Feb 2022 08:09:21 +0000

Fishing_Napoleon Fish_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/01/2022 - 08:09

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

CITES Non Detriment Findings Case Study for Napoleon Fish Use from Indonesia;

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon but wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Threats include:

1) Intensive and species-specific removal for the live reef food fish export trade of a naturally uncommon and vulnerable species;
2) Readily accessible to spearfishing at night with SCUBA or hookah (i.e., compressed air) gear, and easy to catch with cyanide, or other poisons such as Derris trifoliata, due to predictable adult habitat and shallow depth range;
3) Lack of coordinated, consistent national and regional management largely due to limited management capacity and the sometime secretive nature of traders – in particular there is no relevant regional fishery management authority to address problems with this species;
4) Selective fishing, in particular the intensive take of juveniles for direct export sale and for grow-out (also referred to as ‘culture’ – the species cannot be hatchery reared; and
5) Illegal, unregulated, or unreported (IUU) fisheries (Donaldson and Sadovy 2001).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Cheilinus undulatus

Common Name(s)

Napoleon Fish

humphead wrasse

Napoleon Wrasse

Maori Wrasse

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

Law/decree/regulations for Napoleon fish exist as well as a policy framework for management of harvest and export regulations. However, these are not yet sufficiently implemented to be effective

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

Illegal (unpermitted and illegal size) exports by sea and air continue as determined by seizures in Hong Kong of shipments without permits and fish of illegal size according to Indonesian regulation. Illegal movement of fish, including some of illegal size, also occur within Indonesia, as determined by seizures and personal observations of ille- gal sized fishes in trade within the country.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

Wild-caught live animals destined for high-value luxury food in restaurants in export trade is the major use; Major destination is Hong Kong (much of which is transhipped to Mainland China). Also destinations in Singapore (much of which goes through to Hong Kong) and Taiwan.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Source Reference(s)

Sadovy, Y. and Suharti, S. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies
WG 8 – Fishes: Napoleon Fish, Cheilinus Undulatus, Indonesia.

It is recommended that minimum size limits be added to the export quota to help strengthen existing legislation in Indonesia and to ensure maintenance of spawning biomass; a large proportion of exported fish are in their pre-reproductive phase.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Endangered (EN)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Sustainability not determined

Country reference

Indonesia

Keeping_Yellow-crested Cockatoo_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Mon, 31 Jan 2022 12:44:58 +0000

Keeping_Yellow-crested Cockatoo_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:44

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

case study: trade of Yellow-crested Cockatoo in Indonesia.

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Since 1999 all sub-species of C. sulphurea is fully protected in Indonesia in accordance with the Government Regulation No. 8 of 1999.

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Its precipitous decline is almost entirely attributable to unsustainable exploitation for internal and international trade. The capture of Yellow-crested Cockatoo for trade has undoubtedly been the most critical factor in its population decline over the past three decades, and is the key factor that limits its recovery. Large-scale logging and con- version of forest to agriculture across its range has exacerbated the decline, and the use of pesticides since around 1989 is a further potential threat. At least formerly, the species was regarded as a crop-pest, and consequently persecuted. High rainfall years appear to limit productivity considerably resulting in very low recruitment. Conversely, rainfall on Komodo has been low in recent years leading to limited availability of water sources. Competition for cavity nest sites with other parrots and owls in large trees (those by logging activities) leads to low productivity.

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Cacatua sulphurea

Common Name(s)

Yellow-crested Cockatoo

Lesser Sulphur-crested cockatoo

Kakatua-kecil jambul-kuning

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

export moratorium imposed by Indonesia in 1994

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

export moratorium imposed by Indonesia in 1994

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Illegal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Prijono, S.N. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies
Wg 6 – Birds: Cacatua sulphurea.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Direct Persecution

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Indonesia

Pet trade_Javan ferret badgers_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 27 Jan 2022 10:43:26 +0000

Pet trade_Javan ferret badgers_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 01/27/2022 - 10:43

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 01/27/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Shifts of trade in Javan ferret badgers Melogale orientalis from wildlife markets to online platforms: implications for conservation policy, human health and monitoring

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

No formal national protection in place

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Small numbers of Javan Ferret Badgers are traded in the 'bird' markets (which also deal extensively in mammals) of Jakarta; they evidently come from the wild and, while also advertised for sale on the internet, seem still basically to be a novelty pet (Riffel 1991, Kim 2012, Shepherd 2012). E.J. Rode-Margono (pers. comm. 2014), D. Spaan and colleagues undertook 62 market surveys between February 2012 and July 2014, in 15 markets (13 in West Java including Jakarta, two in Bali); they recorded ferret badgers four times at Jatinegara (Jakarta): June 2012, four individuals; January 2014 one; May 2014, four individuals (immatures); June 2014, two dead individuals and one alive. In 2014 they also saw one infant in Garut (West Java). These numbers are very low compared with numbers of civets (Nijman et al. 2014). The species seems in 2014 to be consistently available in markets, whereas five years previously it was unusual to see in trade (C.R. Shephard pers. comm. 2014). The risk of trade rising is increased by the recent formation of 'civet-lovers' clubs (known locally as ‘cinta musang'), which also collect other small carnivores (E. Wilianto pers. comm. 2014). Availability of Javan Ferret Badger on on-line animal trading websites in Indonesia has also increased in recent years: this is likely to increase demand for the species because on-line sites reach a broader consumer audience and allow for ease of purchase (C.R. Shepherd pers. comm. 2015).

Much of the forest habitat of Java has been converted to other uses, particularly agriculture, but this species does not depend upon extensive old-growth forest; it is unclear if it requires any sort of native forest. Domestic dogs are common on Java and represent a potential threat to Javan Ferret Badger, because a high proportion of its range is likely to be within a few kilometers of human settlement. Hunters' dogs are not rare in habitat such as that at Cipaganti (although stray dogs stay in the village); pig hunters go into the field almost every day, with dogs, they train their dogs by letting them hunt squirrels in bushy regrowth of fallows, and they leave dogs at little huts in the fields to chase away pigs by barking at night (E.J. Rode-Margono pers. comm. 2014). These might pose some threat but it is presumably not critical given that ferret badgers continue to use such areas. Hunting levels for small carnivores are much lower on Java than in northern South-east Asia (see Rode-Margono et al. 2014) and while some are doubtless killed (particularly given a recent rise in amateur leisure-seekers firing air-guns at anything they come across (E. Wilianto pers. comm. 2014), it seems unlikely that this would be sufficient to drive declines. Bird trapping is widespread and intensive on Java; trappers opportunistically take any small wildlife that they come across, for sale in the urban pet trade (C.R. Shepherd pers. comm. 2015); indeed the ground traps for birds widely used sometimes catch ferret badgers (E. Wilianto pers. comm. 2014). There is a yet no evidence of targeted harvest of the species.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Melogale orientalis

Common Name(s)

Javan ferret badger

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Time period over which this has been recorded

2011−2020

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

the widespread sale of the species highlights that enforcement continues to be overly passive as any trade in the species is illegal.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Sub region/state

Java and Bali

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

sales on wild-harvested ferrets, either on markets, or online;

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Low risk: not known to harbour/transmit zoonotic pathogens

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Increased human contact with and exposure to Javan ferret badgers through the online pet trade presents a significant and unknown risk for the trans- mission of zoonotic diseases to pet trade dealers and pet owners; To our knowledge, the Javan ferret badger is mainly or exclusively used for the pet trade and not for the meat market, so zoonotic transmission is likely to only occur directly from the handling of live animals. Whether wild- sourced or captive-bred, both pathways of trade are implicated in facilitating the emergence of new zoonotic disease and transmission into human populations ; No formative studies have been conducted on specific Javan ferret badger pathology and so potential zoonotic health risks remain unexplored

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Illegal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Thomas, E., Nekaris, K., Imron, M., Cassey, P., Shepherd, C., & Nijman, V. (2021). Shifts of trade in Javan ferret badgers Melogale orientalis from wildlife markets to online platforms: implications for conservation policy, human health and monitoring. Endangered Species Research, 46, 67-78. doi: 10.3354/esr01142

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Unknown/Not Recorded

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Indonesia

Harvesting_Indian bdellium-tree_India

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 26 Jan 2022 16:25:48 +0000

Harvesting_Indian bdellium-tree_India Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 01/26/2022 - 16:25

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 01/26/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Non-destructive harvesting of oleo-gum resin in Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari—A critically endangered plant

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Invasive Species

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The gum has high importance in international trade and it has been extracted at unsustainable rates with faulty extraction method causing declines in population. Unsustainable collection of multiple parts, high volume trade and loss of habitat are the major threats to this species. Grazing and browsing by sheep and goats seem to have some bearing on the abundance of the species. Collection of branches as fuel wood during the rainy season, scarcity or festive times further aggravates the status of population. This species demonstrates one of the most generic problems of conservation: the species was initially subjected to a very high degree of organized extermination, leaving a small population, which was exposed to continuing anthropogenic pressures, like grazing and browsing, which ultimately arrests new recruitment (Dixit and Rao 2000). Over-exploitation, a narrow extent of occurrence, small area of occupancy, severe fragmentation of populations, very low regeneration and invasion of alien species mean that C. wightii is facing a high extinction risk (Reddy et al. 2012).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Commiphora wightii

Common Name(s)

Indian bdellium-tree

Guggal

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

gum harvesting

How is the primary use carried out?

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Additional Details (if available)

Oleo-gum resin is obtained from bark of this plant and has potent medicinal uses mainly in arthritis, bronchitis, cholesterol reduction, hyperlipidaemiain, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

India

Site Description

Jodhpur, Rajasthan and Bhuj, Gujarat
Studies were carried out at two locations, viz. Kumatia enclosure forest block at Kailana hills area in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan state and Ler forest block in Kutchh-Bhuj district of Gujarat state.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Saini, L., Rajput, S., Rathore, T., & Tomar, U. (2018). Non-destructive harvesting of oleo-gum resin in Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari—A critically endangered plant. Industrial Crops And Products, 113, 259-265. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.057

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Critically Endangered (CR)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

India

Catch-and-Release_Miyabe Char_Japan

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 26 Jan 2022 10:28:47 +0000

Catch-and-Release_Miyabe Char_Japan Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 01/26/2022 - 10:28

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 01/26/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Recreational fishery as a conservation tool for endemic Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma miyabei in Lake Shikaribetsu, Japan

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Common but only within narrow areas of distribution

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Increasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Salvelinus malma miyabei

Common Name(s)

Miyabe Charr

Dolly Varden

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

Additional Details (if available)

recreational angling

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

A management program was established to harmonize recreational fishery and conservation; recreational fishery management program ‘Great Fishing in Lake Shikaribetsu’ (GFS), initiated in 2005. Under this program, angling is only permitted for 50 days of the year, to only 50 persons/day, and fishing gear is restricted. In addition, catch-and-release is required for all Miyabe charr, and anglers are required to submit a daily catch report that describes the species and size of fish caught and the capture location.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Japan

Name

Lake Shikaribetsu

Site Description

Lake Shikaribetsu is located in the mountainous area of central Hokkaido Island, Japan, at latitude of 45.3°N and longitude of 143.1°E (Fig. 1). Its area is 3.4 km2, and its average depth is 56.1 m;

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is improving the status (e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

It is believed that the fishing regulations have contributed to the recovery and sustainability of this endemic population

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

mortality through catch-and-release angling is low and accidental; Moreover, no decreasing population trend was detected on analysing 8 years of anglers’ catch data. Consequently, angling has facilitated stock assessments of Miyabe charr under the current program. This case is a good example of recreational angling acting as a conservation tool under appropriate management.
s a result, the Miyabe charr recreational fishery was assessed as worked properly as a conservation tool of the endemic fish population under the current management program. First, angling had a negligible impact on the fish population, because angling mortality was very low. Second, the cur- rent management program precisely checks and regulates angling effort. Third, the fish population was always monitored using angling data.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Support from NGOs

Present

Abundant population of target species

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Yoshiyama, T., Tsuboi, Ji. & Matsuishi, T. Recreational fishery as a conservation tool for endemic Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma miyabei in Lake Shikaribetsu, Japan. Fish Sci 83, 171–180 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-016-1051-3

a scientifically acceptable recreational fishery management program was assessed as a conservation tool for endemic fish populations. To conserve an endemic species inhabiting a limited area such as the Miyabe charr, prohibiting fishing would be the usual conservation tool. However, the Miyabe charr recreational fishery indicates that, under a sustainable management program, recreational fisheries can be used as an alternative conservation tool.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Unknown/Not Recorded

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

tag-and-release angling

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Country reference

Japan

Harvesting_Grey Weed_Chile

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 25 Jan 2022 10:51:30 +0000

Harvesting_Grey Weed_Chile Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 01/25/2022 - 10:51

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 01/25/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Monitoring the sustainability of Lessonia nigrescens (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile under strong harvest pressure

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Lessonia nigrescens

Common Name(s)

Grey Weed

Giant Grey Weed

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

selective harvest of sporophytes to allow the maintenance of a reproductive stock

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

extraction of alginic acid, which is used in diverse industrial applications; Only a minor fraction of the annual harvest is used by the Chilean national gel industry or as feed for invertebrate cultures

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Amount

300000.00

Units Of Measurement

wet tons of brown algae landings annually from chile

Time period over which this has been recorded

2012

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

enforcement is difficult due to limited accessibility and the extension of the coastline;

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Chile

Sub region/state

Northern Chile

Site Description

This study was carried out along the northern Chilean coast between 26° and 32°S, where historically most of L. nigrescens harvesting is done;
Four study areas were selected: Totoral Bajo (27,757° S– 71,064° W), Caleta Angosta (28,250° S–71,163° W), Lagunillas (30,103° S–71,383° W), and Talquilla (30,864° S–71,683° W). For the evaluation of harvested populations, we considered MAEBR ( Management Areas for Exploitation of Benthic Resources) and OAA (Open Access Areas. Also, two MPAs with prohibition of extraction and harvesting were evaluated: Isla Grande de Atacama (27,248° S– 70,974° W) and Isla Choros Marine Reserve (29,259° S–71, 535° W).

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Indiscriminate harvest of foundation species as L . nigrescens can generate a significant impact on the ecosystem with unknown effects;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Present

Support from Government

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Vega, J.M.A., Broitman, B.R. & Vásquez, J.A. Monitoring the sustainability of Lessonia nigrescens (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile under strong harvest pressure. J Appl Phycol 26, 791–801 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0167-4

Considering the economic, social, and ecological importance of brown macroalgae, and the substantial increase in harvest, the Chilean government has implemented a co-management and conservation plan, surveying the available and harvestable biomass, the strength of harvesting (Capture per Unit Effort—CPUE), and characterizing the chain of production (Vásquez 2008)

In MPA, the annual renewal of kelp populations has a seasonal cycle wherein the natural mortality of adult plants is compensated by intense recruitment (Fig. 3a). In MAEBR, the density of adult plants decreases during the maximum harvest period, preferably executed in spring and summer; however, recruitment of juvenile plants post-harvest maintains the annual cycle of kelp renewal (Fig. 3b). In OAA, where the kelp harvest occurs all year, adult plant density is maintained significantly lower

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Country reference

Chile

Harvesting_Mushroom Coral_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 10:18:50 +0000

Harvesting_Mushroom Coral_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 10:18

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

The country’s guidelines for the sustainable utilization of coral resources also stipulates bestcollection practices including size limits, rotation of collection sites and the prohibition of coral collection in marine parks and tourist areas;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Residential and Commercial Development

Climate Change

Pollution

Transportation and Service Corridors

Invasive Species

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Additional Details (if available)

The poorly regulated aquarium trade in live corals poses yet another threat to fragile coral reef ecosystems. in the archipelago, reef degradation is widespread, with causes including indus- trial and sewage pollution from nearby Makassar, extensive bomb fishing, anchor damage and over-harvesting of coral reef resources

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

In one study, 1% of the specimens were recorded as bleached (Hoeksema 1991).
This species is targeted for the aquarium trade. Indonesia is the largest exporter with an annual quota of 48,500 live pieces in 2005. The total number of corals (live and raw) exported for this species in 2005 was 51,518. This species is one of the top ten most traded corals for aquarium industry (Raymakers 2001).
In general, the major threat to corals is global climate change, in particular, temperature extremes leading to bleaching and increased susceptibility to disease, increased severity of ENSO events and storms, and ocean acidification.
Coral disease has emerged as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide and a major cause of reef deterioration (Weil et al. 2006). The numbers of diseases and coral species affected, as well as the distribution of diseases have all increased dramatically within the last decade;

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Heliofungia actiniformis

Common Name(s)

Mushroom coral

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Yes

polys of certain colors and/or size are preferentially selected for the lice coral aquarium trade;

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

aquarium trade in live corals

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

9500.00

Units Of Measurement

annual quota for number of pieces of mushroom coral from South Sulawesi

Time period over which this has been recorded

2004 to 2006

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

The Indonesian authorities routinely allocate some of the highest trade quotas in South Sulawesi to Heliofungia actiniformis despite a lack of data on the impacts of current collection practices on this species.

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

some of the fishermen interviewed were licensed, while others were unlicensed; Overall, a much higher number of H. actiniformis than allowed by current quotas is thus being harvested.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Sub region/state

South Sulawesi

Name

Spermonde Archipelago

Site Description

The archipelago extends approximately 60 km offshore and consists of about 150 coral cays, as well as a large number of barrier and submerged patch reefs

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

current collection quotas are designated as arbitrary values from an ecological point of view;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

A predictive model indicated the need for a 5 cm size limit to curb economic overfishing, and protect attached anthocauli stalks capable of maintaining the trade through continued asexual reproduction. In addition, a reduction of exploitation rates for polyps in the 4–11 cm size bracket to 0.5 is urgently needed. Calculations reveal that this would in fact be possible without lowering current profits. Achieving long term sustainability will in addition to a reduction of harvest quotas necessitate an effective protection of spawning stocks through stricter enforcement of existing marine protected areas.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Source Reference(s)

Knittweis, L., & Wolff, M. (2010). Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches. Biological Conservation, 143(11), 2722-2729. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.019

Semi-structured interviews with fishermen and in situ surveys revealed a size-selective fishery towards small polyps. This resulted in a shift of size-frequency distributions, and reduced overall abun- dances at harvested sites.
The age frequency structure of H. actiniformis polyps showed populations dominated by young, attached individuals at harvested sites; fishermen do not wait for the young polyps to break free from their anthocauli, but frequently beak off entire clusters with the anthocauli still attached. Only the largest polyps which have developed a flat base are kept, whilst the rest are discarded on site.
Based on the results of this investigation, harvest quotas for H. actiniformis should be reduced significantly.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Pollution

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment