Increasing

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The main threats to Lions are indiscriminate killing (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect human life and livestock) and prey base depletion. Habitat loss and conversion has led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated (Bauer et al. 2008). Furthermore, trophy hunting has a net positive impact in a some areas, but may have at times contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Packer et al. 2009, 2011, 2013), Cameroon (Croes et al. 2011) and Zambia (Rosenblatt et al. 2014).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Panthera leo

Common Name(s)

Lion

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

bones

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies

Amount

1312.00

Units Of Measurement

CITES permits issued to export bones

Time period over which this has been recorded

2013- 2015

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

South Africa was the only legal exporter of bones to Asia until 2013 when Namibia issued permits to export skeletons to Vietnam.

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

First, the legal but rapacious E-SEA trade, derived annually from hundreds of captive-bred South African lions and a limited number of wild-origin ones from other African countries (the latter amounting to 0.9% of the total quantity listed on issued CITES permits to 2015, all from Namibia, Table 1). Second, the same trade to E-SEA, but conducted illegally (e.g. no permits, or sourced by poaching) (not quantified here). And third, the relatively more widespread but comparatively modest, but no less threatening, pan-African utilization of bones that is mostly for ‘traditional’ purposes and is typically sourced outside South Africa from wild lion populations killed in human-lion conflicts (‘problem lions’) and poaching [8], or in South Africa from poaching of captive-bred lions or sales from captive-facilities to traditional medicine (‘muti’) traders

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

there is minimal evidence to suggest that the East-Southeast Asian bone trade is presently adversely affecting wild lions in protected areas in South Africa, the extent of this specific trade in other lion range states still requires urgent pro- active monitoring and evaluation to substantiate and clarify these impacts and also those resulting from the trade in lion body parts for other purposes.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Williams VL, Loveridge AJ, Newton DJ, Macdonald DW (2017) A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East- Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185996

Who is involved in the use?

Regional/Continental/Multi-country level

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Human Intrusions and disturbances

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Tourism_Dingoes_Australia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 08 Feb 2022 12:35:41 +0000

Tourism_Dingoes_Australia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:35

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Watching/experiencing terrestrial, aerial, or aquatic fauna and flora in the wild (e.g., birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife watching)

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Canis lupus dingo

Common Name(s)

Dingo

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

Additional Details (if available)

Wildlife Tourism

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

Amount

350000.00

Units Of Measurement

approximate number of tourists on the island annually

Time period over which this has been recorded

2003

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, customary and complied with

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

. Currently, both direct and indirect feeding of Dingoes is strongly discouraged and transgressors face heavy penalties.

Geographic Location

Oceania

Country

Australia

Sub region/state

Queensland

Name

Fraser Island

Site Description

Located off the Queensland coast, approximately 190km north of Brisbane, Fraser Island was given its European name after Captain James Fraser and his wife Eliza were shipwrecked there in 1836 (Sinclair 1990, p. 76–77). The world’s largest sand island, it is almost 125km long, 25km wide in some places, and over 160,000 ha in area.4

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Management

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

tourists

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

as the number of tourists to the island increase, so do the reports of Dingo attacks. The first recorded death from such an attack on Fraser Island occurred in April 2001, and was immediately followed by a government-ordered cull of Dingoes. For WT to be sustainable it is not acceptable to have wildlife a risk to human life, nor is it acceptable to eradicate the fauna visitors expect to see.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

as the number of tourists to the island increase, so do the reports of Dingo attacks. The first recorded death from such an attack on Fraser Island occurred in April 2001, and was immediately followed by a government-ordered cull of Dingoes.
Between 1996 and 2001, 279 incidents were reported of which 74 were rated ‘insignificant’ 70 were rated ‘minor’, 95 ‘moderate’ 39 ‘major’ and 1 ‘catastrophic’ (EPA, 2001c, attachment 8).

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Yes, recorded as negative

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Support from NGOs

Present

Support from Government

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Burns, G., & Howard, P. (2003). When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia. Tourism Management, 24(6), 699-712. doi: 10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00146-8

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

World Heritage Site

The site is a National Park

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Australia

Fishing_Queen conch_Colombia

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 02 Feb 2022 15:55:46 +0000

Fishing_Queen conch_Colombia Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/02/2022 - 15:55

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/02/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Non-detrimental Findings For The Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) In Colombia.

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

The Ministry of Environment included the spe- cies in a national red list, thus allocating funds to promote more sustainable management

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Strombus gigas

Common Name(s)

Queen conch

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Details of parts/products taken

Three different products are obtained from the queen conch fishery: the conch fillet, conch pearls and conch shells

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

Conch pearls are considered jewelry, and therefore are by far the most valued of the conch products, while the conch shells are decorative pieces

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

6960.00

Units Of Measurement

conch pearls legally exported

Time period over which this has been recorded

2000-2008

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

The queen conch is legally harvested in Colombia by free diving. The use of any autonomous diving gear is prohibited. The fishing unit consists in one canoe and three fishermen, one operator and two divers

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

According to the CITES national office (Vladimir Puentes, personal communication), the proportion of legal exports of conch fillet between en 2000 and 2004 totaled 571.5 mt and represented an annual increa- sed of 10%, with Miami and New York as the major destination (Figure 7). During the time of CITES export restriction imposed in Honduras and the Dominican Republic, it estimated that approximately 29.3 mt of illegally harvested queen conch was transshipped through Colombia, and in precaution a complete closure of the fishery was ordered in 2004, until better controls on illegal trade can be implemented.

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Colombia

Sub region/state

San Andres Archipelago

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

Conch fillet is the most commonly traded product in international markets, with approximately 90% of the harvest being exported. National consumption of the queen conch meat was estimated in 5% of national fish production (Gallo y Valderrama 1995), but most probably this percentage has increased since then.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Source Reference(s)

Prada, M. et al. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 9 – Aquatic Invertebrates: Non-detrimental Findings For The Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) In Colombia.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Colombia

Harvesting_Madagascar cycad_Mozambique

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 02 Feb 2022 14:55:03 +0000

Harvesting_Madagascar cycad_Mozambique Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/02/2022 - 14:55

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/02/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Final Report On A Research On Distribution, Population Size Classes, Reproduction Status, Threats And Management Options For C.i.t.e.s. Non-detriment Findings Of Cycas thouarsii In Mozambique

Stable

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon but wildly distributed

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Additional Details (if available)

This project has identified few threats to the species. 1. Erosion as occurred at Timbué light house (Zambezi river mouth) (See photo below) which destroyed the known Herbarium vouchers specimens on site; 2. Urban expansion - example of one old plant cut for market expansion at Matilde village (Zambezi delta); 3. Uncontrolled fires that affected the plants at Luabo village. Accounts indicated a sustainable use of its sap as glue for paper.

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

There are no major threats to this species, although plants would have been impacted in places by collectors, coastal developments (tourist resorts, urban expansion) and agricultural expansion (small-holder crops).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Cycas thouarsii

Common Name(s)

Madagascar cycad

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

use of sap as glue for paper

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Mozambique

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Residential and Commercial Development

Source Reference(s)

Bandeira, S. (n.d.) Final Report On A Research On Distribution, Population Size Classes, Reproduction Status, Threats And Management Options For C.i.t.e.s. Non-detriment Findings Of Cycas thouarsii In Mozambique. Available from:

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Fire

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

The absence of male plants

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Mozambique

Pet trade_Javan ferret badgers_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 27 Jan 2022 10:43:26 +0000

Pet trade_Javan ferret badgers_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 01/27/2022 - 10:43

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 01/27/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Shifts of trade in Javan ferret badgers Melogale orientalis from wildlife markets to online platforms: implications for conservation policy, human health and monitoring

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

No formal national protection in place

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Small numbers of Javan Ferret Badgers are traded in the 'bird' markets (which also deal extensively in mammals) of Jakarta; they evidently come from the wild and, while also advertised for sale on the internet, seem still basically to be a novelty pet (Riffel 1991, Kim 2012, Shepherd 2012). E.J. Rode-Margono (pers. comm. 2014), D. Spaan and colleagues undertook 62 market surveys between February 2012 and July 2014, in 15 markets (13 in West Java including Jakarta, two in Bali); they recorded ferret badgers four times at Jatinegara (Jakarta): June 2012, four individuals; January 2014 one; May 2014, four individuals (immatures); June 2014, two dead individuals and one alive. In 2014 they also saw one infant in Garut (West Java). These numbers are very low compared with numbers of civets (Nijman et al. 2014). The species seems in 2014 to be consistently available in markets, whereas five years previously it was unusual to see in trade (C.R. Shephard pers. comm. 2014). The risk of trade rising is increased by the recent formation of 'civet-lovers' clubs (known locally as ‘cinta musang'), which also collect other small carnivores (E. Wilianto pers. comm. 2014). Availability of Javan Ferret Badger on on-line animal trading websites in Indonesia has also increased in recent years: this is likely to increase demand for the species because on-line sites reach a broader consumer audience and allow for ease of purchase (C.R. Shepherd pers. comm. 2015).

Much of the forest habitat of Java has been converted to other uses, particularly agriculture, but this species does not depend upon extensive old-growth forest; it is unclear if it requires any sort of native forest. Domestic dogs are common on Java and represent a potential threat to Javan Ferret Badger, because a high proportion of its range is likely to be within a few kilometers of human settlement. Hunters' dogs are not rare in habitat such as that at Cipaganti (although stray dogs stay in the village); pig hunters go into the field almost every day, with dogs, they train their dogs by letting them hunt squirrels in bushy regrowth of fallows, and they leave dogs at little huts in the fields to chase away pigs by barking at night (E.J. Rode-Margono pers. comm. 2014). These might pose some threat but it is presumably not critical given that ferret badgers continue to use such areas. Hunting levels for small carnivores are much lower on Java than in northern South-east Asia (see Rode-Margono et al. 2014) and while some are doubtless killed (particularly given a recent rise in amateur leisure-seekers firing air-guns at anything they come across (E. Wilianto pers. comm. 2014), it seems unlikely that this would be sufficient to drive declines. Bird trapping is widespread and intensive on Java; trappers opportunistically take any small wildlife that they come across, for sale in the urban pet trade (C.R. Shepherd pers. comm. 2015); indeed the ground traps for birds widely used sometimes catch ferret badgers (E. Wilianto pers. comm. 2014). There is a yet no evidence of targeted harvest of the species.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Melogale orientalis

Common Name(s)

Javan ferret badger

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Time period over which this has been recorded

2011−2020

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

the widespread sale of the species highlights that enforcement continues to be overly passive as any trade in the species is illegal.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Sub region/state

Java and Bali

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Illegal under national law

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

sales on wild-harvested ferrets, either on markets, or online;

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Low risk: not known to harbour/transmit zoonotic pathogens

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Increased human contact with and exposure to Javan ferret badgers through the online pet trade presents a significant and unknown risk for the trans- mission of zoonotic diseases to pet trade dealers and pet owners; To our knowledge, the Javan ferret badger is mainly or exclusively used for the pet trade and not for the meat market, so zoonotic transmission is likely to only occur directly from the handling of live animals. Whether wild- sourced or captive-bred, both pathways of trade are implicated in facilitating the emergence of new zoonotic disease and transmission into human populations ; No formative studies have been conducted on specific Javan ferret badger pathology and so potential zoonotic health risks remain unexplored

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Thomas, E., Nekaris, K., Imron, M., Cassey, P., Shepherd, C., & Nijman, V. (2021). Shifts of trade in Javan ferret badgers Melogale orientalis from wildlife markets to online platforms: implications for conservation policy, human health and monitoring. Endangered Species Research, 46, 67-78. doi: 10.3354/esr01142

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Indonesia

Angling_Tigerfish_Botswana

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 27 Jan 2022 10:22:53 +0000

Angling_Tigerfish_Botswana Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 01/27/2022 - 10:22

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 01/27/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Physiological Response to Angling of Africa's Premier Freshwater Angling Species, the Tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Dams and other System Modifications

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

It has declined in some rivers in southern Africa due to pollution, water abstraction and obstructions that prevent passage, such as dams and weirs. Unregulated gillnet fisheries locally threaten the species. Juveniles form an increasing component of the catches of fishers as other more valuable food fishes are fished out, most notably on the Barotse floodplains (D. Tweddle pers. obs. 2017). East African populations are threatened by heavy fishing pressure, silt loading due to agricultural activities or deforestation, and pollution due to pesticides for agricultural use. Threats in other regions are not known.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Hydrocynus vittatus

Common Name(s)

Tigerfish

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

Additional Details (if available)

Hydrocynus vittatus is not popular as an eating fish and is generally not kept by recreational fisherman; however, it does form the basis of the catch-and-release (C&R) fishery in the Okavango Delta.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

In Botswana a recreational angling licence is a requirement for anglers visiting the area. The license stipulates that only five fish, regardless of species, may be kept daily. The remainder (including all juvenile and undersized fish) must be released.

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Botswana

Name

Panhandle of Okavango Delta

Site Description

The Okavango Delta is a subtropical floodplain, situated at the northern end of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana (Figure 1). During the seasonal floods, the delta fluctuates between 12 000–15 000 km2, and during the dry season between 6 000–8 000 km2 (Merron and Mann 1995). The study area (Figure 1) was situated in the panhandle region of the Okavango, just north of the Delta itself, close to the town of Shakawe and is characterised by slow-flowing, meandering water.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Angling and handling times along with nutritional status were likely influential factors in the range of glucose, cortisol and especially lactate levels in this study. These data suggest that C&R causes physiological stress to tigerfish, but could nonetheless be a valuable fisheries management tool, ensuring the sustainability of fish populations.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

High financial returns from use

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Gerber, R., Howatson, G., Greenfield, R., Wagenaar, I., & Smit, N. (2017). Physiological response to angling of Africa’s premier freshwater angling species, the tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus. African Zoology, 52(2), 91-98. doi: 10.1080/15627020.2017.1300069

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

catch-and-release

Sustainability not determined

Yes, considered sustainable

Country reference

Botswana

Harvesting_Grey Weed_Chile

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 25 Jan 2022 10:51:30 +0000

Harvesting_Grey Weed_Chile Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 01/25/2022 - 10:51

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 01/25/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Monitoring the sustainability of Lessonia nigrescens (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile under strong harvest pressure

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Lessonia nigrescens

Common Name(s)

Grey Weed

Giant Grey Weed

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

selective harvest of sporophytes to allow the maintenance of a reproductive stock

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

extraction of alginic acid, which is used in diverse industrial applications; Only a minor fraction of the annual harvest is used by the Chilean national gel industry or as feed for invertebrate cultures

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Amount

300000.00

Units Of Measurement

wet tons of brown algae landings annually from chile

Time period over which this has been recorded

2012

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

enforcement is difficult due to limited accessibility and the extension of the coastline;

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Chile

Sub region/state

Northern Chile

Site Description

This study was carried out along the northern Chilean coast between 26° and 32°S, where historically most of L. nigrescens harvesting is done;
Four study areas were selected: Totoral Bajo (27,757° S– 71,064° W), Caleta Angosta (28,250° S–71,163° W), Lagunillas (30,103° S–71,383° W), and Talquilla (30,864° S–71,683° W). For the evaluation of harvested populations, we considered MAEBR ( Management Areas for Exploitation of Benthic Resources) and OAA (Open Access Areas. Also, two MPAs with prohibition of extraction and harvesting were evaluated: Isla Grande de Atacama (27,248° S– 70,974° W) and Isla Choros Marine Reserve (29,259° S–71, 535° W).

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Indiscriminate harvest of foundation species as L . nigrescens can generate a significant impact on the ecosystem with unknown effects;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Present

Support from Government

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Vega, J.M.A., Broitman, B.R. & Vásquez, J.A. Monitoring the sustainability of Lessonia nigrescens (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile under strong harvest pressure. J Appl Phycol 26, 791–801 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0167-4

Considering the economic, social, and ecological importance of brown macroalgae, and the substantial increase in harvest, the Chilean government has implemented a co-management and conservation plan, surveying the available and harvestable biomass, the strength of harvesting (Capture per Unit Effort—CPUE), and characterizing the chain of production (Vásquez 2008)

In MPA, the annual renewal of kelp populations has a seasonal cycle wherein the natural mortality of adult plants is compensated by intense recruitment (Fig. 3a). In MAEBR, the density of adult plants decreases during the maximum harvest period, preferably executed in spring and summer; however, recruitment of juvenile plants post-harvest maintains the annual cycle of kelp renewal (Fig. 3b). In OAA, where the kelp harvest occurs all year, adult plant density is maintained significantly lower

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Yearly Financial Flows

Country reference

Chile

Harvesting_Love Apple_Nepal

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 13:00:49 +0000

Harvesting_Love Apple_Nepal Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 13:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Distribution, use, trade and conservation of Paris polyphylla Sm. in Nepal

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon but wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Disease

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

In a recent study, Pokhrel et al. (2019) estimated the Relative Threat Factor Severity Index (RTFSI) for P. polyphylla in Nepal. The maximum RTFSI value was obtained for illegal collection (0.90) followed by unscientific harvesting (0.83), open grazing (0.75), management and institutional provision (0.69), impacts of climate change (0.61), forest products collection by local users (0.58), developmental activities (0.53), natural hazards (0.53), others (0.33) and forest fire (0.25). Throughout its range, wild-collection for medicinal usage is the most severe threat to the species. High demand has driven its over-exploitation and the species is becoming rare throughout its entire distribution. Illegal trade, inadequacy of trade monitoring, and porous borders contribute to the unsustainable harvest of the species (Kunwar et al. 2020).
Unregulated grazing by livestock also contributes to its declining population. Seed predation by birds, fruit predation by deer, and herbivory of the whole plant (including its rhizomes) by deer, bear, and lagomorphs further threaten the species

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Paris polyphylla

Common Name(s)

Love Apple

Satuwa

Tangma

Haimavati

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Details of parts/products taken

We found that during the harvesting process, the whole plant is often uprooted to collect the rhizome, which leads to the destruction of the stock.

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

Paris polyphylla Sm. is an important perennial medicinal plant of the Himalayas that is increasingly being used in traditional medicines and pharmaceutical industries. It is used as anthelmintic, antispasmodic, digestive and expectorant and to treat vermifuge problems, headache and intestinal worms

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Time period over which this has been recorded

2000-2017

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

To meet this accelerating demand, people are harvesting it at unsustainable rates and trading it across Nepal through both legal and illegal means

Geographic Location

West and Central Asia

Country

Nepal

Site Description

Nepal, our selected study area, lies along the slopes of the Himalayan mountain between China and India between 80 04’ e 88120 E and 2622’ e 30270 N

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a negative effect (e.g., prey depletion, stress, disrupted breeding, movement, sleeping, feeding patterns)

Yes, negative (e.g., it destroys/ degrades it due to over-use)

Additional Details (if available)

The accelerated demand is attributed to the large and unrestricted harvestings from the natural population resulting in its decline. This decline is not only limited to P. polyphylla but also extended to its associated species such as Arisaema costatum, Daphne bholua and Trillidium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don. Local depletion of P. polyphylla populations cause a “ripple effect” onto several other species that are harvested and traded as substitutes for P. polyphylla.

Additional Details (if available)

We have found that the high demand for P. polyphylla has driven people to conduct harvests prematurely resulting in habitat degradation

Details of assessment carried out

To meet this accelerating demand, people are harvesting it at unsustainable rates and trading it across Nepal through both legal and illegal means; Illegal trade due to weak database management and porous border has also impacted the sustainability of these harvesting practices and made P. polyphylla vulnerable to extinction;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Kunwar, R., Adhikari, Y., Sharma, H., Rimal, B., Devkota, H., & Charmakar, S. et al. (2020). Distribution, use, trade and conservation of Paris polyphylla Sm. in Nepal. Global Ecology And Conservation, 23, e01081. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01081

current harvesting practices are making the species vulnerable to extinctions. For both local uses and markets, P. polyphylla in Nepal is harvested mainly from wild populations and thus its stock is gradually diminishing

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Residential and Commercial Development

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

Sustainability not determined

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Nepal

Harvesting_Mushroom Coral_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 10:18:50 +0000

Harvesting_Mushroom Coral_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 10:18

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

The country’s guidelines for the sustainable utilization of coral resources also stipulates bestcollection practices including size limits, rotation of collection sites and the prohibition of coral collection in marine parks and tourist areas;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Transportation and Service Corridors

Invasive Species

Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources

Additional Details (if available)

The poorly regulated aquarium trade in live corals poses yet another threat to fragile coral reef ecosystems. in the archipelago, reef degradation is widespread, with causes including indus- trial and sewage pollution from nearby Makassar, extensive bomb fishing, anchor damage and over-harvesting of coral reef resources

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

In one study, 1% of the specimens were recorded as bleached (Hoeksema 1991).
This species is targeted for the aquarium trade. Indonesia is the largest exporter with an annual quota of 48,500 live pieces in 2005. The total number of corals (live and raw) exported for this species in 2005 was 51,518. This species is one of the top ten most traded corals for aquarium industry (Raymakers 2001).
In general, the major threat to corals is global climate change, in particular, temperature extremes leading to bleaching and increased susceptibility to disease, increased severity of ENSO events and storms, and ocean acidification.
Coral disease has emerged as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide and a major cause of reef deterioration (Weil et al. 2006). The numbers of diseases and coral species affected, as well as the distribution of diseases have all increased dramatically within the last decade;

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Heliofungia actiniformis

Common Name(s)

Mushroom coral

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Yes

polys of certain colors and/or size are preferentially selected for the lice coral aquarium trade;

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

aquarium trade in live corals

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

9500.00

Units Of Measurement

annual quota for number of pieces of mushroom coral from South Sulawesi

Time period over which this has been recorded

2004 to 2006

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

The Indonesian authorities routinely allocate some of the highest trade quotas in South Sulawesi to Heliofungia actiniformis despite a lack of data on the impacts of current collection practices on this species.

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

some of the fishermen interviewed were licensed, while others were unlicensed; Overall, a much higher number of H. actiniformis than allowed by current quotas is thus being harvested.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Sub region/state

South Sulawesi

Name

Spermonde Archipelago

Site Description

The archipelago extends approximately 60 km offshore and consists of about 150 coral cays, as well as a large number of barrier and submerged patch reefs

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

current collection quotas are designated as arbitrary values from an ecological point of view;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

A predictive model indicated the need for a 5 cm size limit to curb economic overfishing, and protect attached anthocauli stalks capable of maintaining the trade through continued asexual reproduction. In addition, a reduction of exploitation rates for polyps in the 4–11 cm size bracket to 0.5 is urgently needed. Calculations reveal that this would in fact be possible without lowering current profits. Achieving long term sustainability will in addition to a reduction of harvest quotas necessitate an effective protection of spawning stocks through stricter enforcement of existing marine protected areas.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Knittweis, L., & Wolff, M. (2010). Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches. Biological Conservation, 143(11), 2722-2729. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.019

Semi-structured interviews with fishermen and in situ surveys revealed a size-selective fishery towards small polyps. This resulted in a shift of size-frequency distributions, and reduced overall abun- dances at harvested sites.
The age frequency structure of H. actiniformis polyps showed populations dominated by young, attached individuals at harvested sites; fishermen do not wait for the young polyps to break free from their anthocauli, but frequently beak off entire clusters with the anthocauli still attached. Only the largest polyps which have developed a flat base are kept, whilst the rest are discarded on site.
Based on the results of this investigation, harvest quotas for H. actiniformis should be reduced significantly.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Human Intrusions and disturbances

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Indonesia

Harvesting_Venus Clam_Brazil

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 20 Jan 2022 15:34:37 +0000

Harvesting_Venus Clam_Brazil Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 01/20/2022 - 15:34

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 01/20/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

The harvesting process and fisheries production of the venus clam Anomalocardia flexuosa in a Brazilian extractive reserve, with implications for gender-sensitive management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Extractive reserve management rules

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Formal sub-national protection in place

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Anomalocardia flexuosa

Common Name(s)

Venus Clam

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Time period over which this has been recorded

2005 to 2015

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Brazil

Sub region/state

Paraíba state

Name

Extractive Reserve Acaú-Goiana

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Community Owned

Management

Community Managed

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

The Acaú community comprises 300 shellfishers registered in the Association of Shellfish Harvesters of Acaú. They depend on artisanal fisheries as their main income source

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The practicalities, and ecological as well as economic benefits and risks of the three currently applied techniques differ. Hand- or handle rake collection require least force and equipment, but are less efficient compared to the dip net. The latter provides a higher financial return, however the fact that the number of clams collected is greater compared to the other two techniques, using the dip net increases the risk of overfishing.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

da Silva Mourão, J., Baracho, R., de Faria Lopes, S., Medeiros, M., & Diele, K. (2021). The harvesting process and fisheries production of the venus clam Anomalocardia flexuosa in a Brazilian extractive reserve, with implications for gender-sensitive management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 213, 105878. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105878

Shell length and abundance of A. flexuosa have decreased over time in several locations in Brazil (Rocha et al., 2008; Oliveira et al., 2014; Silva-Cavalcanti and Costa, 2011; Pezzuto and Souza, 2015), often linked to high exploitation levels.

Who is involved in the use?

Other effective area based conservation measures (OECMS)

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Yes

The species is collected and its meat extracted throughout the year, in an artisanal manner, by hand or with the aid of instruments, mostly by women; . The present study revealed the predominance of women in the A. flexuosa fishery in the North-east Brazilian marine extractive reserve (ER) Acaú, and their preference and dependency on certain capture techniques.

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Any other tenure arrangements

As is the case for all ERs (Rueda, 1995), the ER Acaú-Goiana is a co-management area where users have a say in the formal decision-making process. ER agreements such as the one approved for Acaú-Goiana in 2017 are made involving representatives from all stakeholder groups. Therefore, compliance is often better than in protected areas with a top-down management approach.

In the north-east Brazilian Goiana River estuary, in the late 90s, following land use changes and increased fishing pressure, local stakeholders demanded the creation of an ER (extractive Reserve) to protect their rights and futures, including the shellfishers of the Acaú community who formulated and submitted a petition. Consequently, in 2007 the ER Acaú Goiana was created, located inside the Goiana River estuary

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category