https://speciesusedatabase.com/ en https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/134 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hunting_Markhor_Pakistan</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 13:09</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-11T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>trophy hunting of Markhor in Pakistan</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Increasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Uncommon and only found within narrow areas of distribution</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/289" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In Pakistan, the most important threat to subpopulations outside the Torghar Conservancy is illegal hunting. Other threats include competition with livestock, risk of disease transmission from livestock (Woodford et al. 2004), habitat degradation, and habitat loss (Sheikh and Molur 2004). According to Hess et al. (1997), significant habitat loss was caused by logging in the Sulaiman Range, which they considered the most important area of straight-horned Markhor’s distribution. No recent data on the Markhor in the Sulaiman range are available and recent satellite images from 2011 and 2013 (Google Earth, accessed 2014) suggest that habitat conditions in the Sulaiman range are still largely suitable for Markhor.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Capra falconeri</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Markhor</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/296" hreflang="en">Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> <div class="field__item">Recreational</div> <div class="field__item">Population/area management</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/309" hreflang="en">Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/347" hreflang="en">West and Central Asia</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Pakistan</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> <div class="field__item">International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Yes</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes – use is improving the status (<em>e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-pos-spp-impact field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>as a result of the project, Illegal hunting declined dramatically: as of 2012 the Markhor population had grown to an estimated 3,500; Community-based conservancies using trophy hunting in the Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan regions have led to the recovery and substantial increase of Markhor populations.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/374" hreflang="en">Positive Impact</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/374" hreflang="en">Positive Impact</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>the project was responsible for funding various community projects including schools and healthcare facilities, and supporting actions to reduce grazing competition with livestock.</p> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-education-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>the project was responsible for funding various community projects including schools and healthcare facilities, and supporting actions to reduce grazing competition with livestock.</p> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-socio-eco-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><p>project contributed to the recent improvement of the conservation status of Markhor in the IUCN Red List, and it is no longer listed as threatened. Stable and increasing populations are limited to areas with sustainable hunting and protected areas;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-govern field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-gain field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">High financial returns from use</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-cap-build field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Capacity building of community</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-certification field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Effective private sector approach engagement through certification</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Roe, D., Cremona, P. (2016) Informing decisions on trophy hunting: A Briefing Paper regarding issues to be taken into account when considering restriction of imports of hunting trophies.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-strategy-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Torghar Conservation Project in Pakistan was initiated in the mid-1980s by local Pathan tribal leaders who were concerned that uncontrolled illegal hunting for food had greatly reduced populations<br /> of both the Suleiman (straight-horned) Markhor (&lt; 100 animals) and the Afghan Urial (around 200). the Torghar Conservation Project based on a simple concept: local community members would give up hunting in exchange for being hired as game guards to prevent poaching, and the project would be financed by revenues derived from a limited trophy hunt of Markhor and Urial by foreign hunters.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-secondary-species field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Secondary Species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Ovis vignei</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/416" hreflang="en">Near Threatened (NT)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">Human Intrusions and disturbances</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/169" hreflang="en">Pakistan</a></div> </div> Fri, 11 Feb 2022 13:09:07 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 134 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/133 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hunting_Polar Bear_Canada</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 12:49</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-11T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Trophy hunting of Polar Bears in Canada</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inuit have constitutionally protected rights under land claim agreements to co-manage wildlife.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/283" hreflang="en">Energy Production and Mining</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/289" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Anthropogenic and natural changes in Arctic environments, as well as recognition of the shortcomings of our knowledge of Polar Bear ecology, are increasing the challenges for Polar Bear conservation and management. Higher ambient temperatures and erratic weather fluctuations, symptoms of anthropogenic climate change, are increasing across the range of polar bears. Polar Bears are dependent upon Arctic sea ice for access to their prey. Their dependence on an ephemeral habitat that exists as a function of sea surface and atmospheric temperatures means that climate warming poses the single most important threat to the long-term persistence of Polar Bears (Obbard et al. 2010). Arctic sea ice loss has thus far progressed faster than most climate models have predicted (Stroeve et al. 2007) with September sea extent declining at a linear rate of 14% per decade from 1979 through 2011 (Stroeve et al. 2012, Stroeve et al. 2014). Because changes in sea-ice are known to alter Polar Bear abundance, productivity, body condition, and distribution (Stirling et al. 1999, Fischbach et al. 2007, Schleibe et al. 2008, Durner et al. 2009, Regehr et al. 2010, Rode et al. 2010a, 2012, 2014b, Bromaghin et al. 2015), continued climate warming will increase future uncertainty and pose severe risks to the welfare of Polar Bear subpopulations (Stirling and Derocher 2012, Derocher et al. 2013).</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Ursus maritimus</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Polar Bear</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/296" hreflang="en">Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> <div class="field__item">Recreational</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Several hundred Polar Bears are harvested annually in Nunavut, the large majority for subsistence and the remainder for trophy hunts (with meat used for subsistence)</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/304" hreflang="en">Food for People</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/309" hreflang="en">Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-amount field--type-float field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount</div> <div class="field__item">450.00</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-units-of-measurement field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Units Of Measurement</div> <div class="field__item">Polar Bears harvested annually in Nunavut </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-over field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time period over which this has been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">2000–2012</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/341" hreflang="en">North America</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Canada</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> <div class="field__item">International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> <div class="field__item">National / local private sector</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>local Communities work with hunting outfitters to attract hunters, usually from Canada or the United States. All trophy hunters are accompanied at all times by Inuit guides, with all transport and hunting conducted in the traditional method with a dogsled.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Yes</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/374" hreflang="en">Positive Impact</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-food-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the community of Clyde River on Baffin Island, for example, each trophy- hunting guide harvested an average of<br /> ten times more food that was shared with community members than was harvested by hunters who were not guides</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-gain field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">High financial returns from use</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-pop field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Abundant population of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-benefit-sharing field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good benefit-sharing mechanism</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-market-strategies field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good Market Strategies</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Roe, D., Cremona, P. (2016) Informing decisions on trophy hunting: A Briefing Paper regarding issues to be taken into account when considering restriction of imports of hunting trophies.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">Vulnerable (VU)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-amount-range-primary field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount (single figure or range)</div> <div class="field__item"> hunting clients pay around US$20,000–$50,000 to the outfitters</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">Human Intrusions and disturbances</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/40" hreflang="en">Canada</a></div> </div> Fri, 11 Feb 2022 12:49:01 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 133 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/131 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hunting_Argali_Mongolia</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 12:17</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-11T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Informing decisions on trophy hunting: A Briefing Paper regarding issues to be taken into account when considering restriction of imports of hunting trophies.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/283" hreflang="en">Energy Production and Mining</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The main threats are poaching (for meat), competition, displacement and possibly disease transmission by domestic livestock, and habitat loss. In general, argali appear to be extremely intolerant of human disturbance (Fedosenko 1999; Namgail 2004; Maroney 2006; Namgail et al. 2007; Harris 2007; Schaller and Kang 2008) although observations in areas without poaching and disturbance by livestock and dogs (see Young et al., 2011), e.g., the Kumtor Gold Mine and Sarychat Ertash Strictly Protected Area, suggest that argali can become habituated to human presence. International border fences present a barrier to movement and dispersal of argali, prevent access to optimal seasonal grazing sites and increase fragmentation and genetic isolation (Luikart et al. 2011; Rosen 2012; CMS 2014; Hussain et al. 2018). These threats appear to vary little among argali populations, even though habitats vary.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Ovis ammon</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Argali</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/296" hreflang="en">Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> <div class="field__item">Recreational</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/309" hreflang="en">Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-amount field--type-float field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount</div> <div class="field__item">12.00</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-units-of-measurement field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Units Of Measurement</div> <div class="field__item">argali harvested during a 4 year period </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-over field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time period over which this has been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">post 2003</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/347" hreflang="en">West and Central Asia</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Mongolia</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">northwest Mongolia</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>including the 126,800 km2 Gulzat Local Protected Area (LPA) for Argali hunting</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Yes</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>trophy hunting is generating some positive benefits for conservation and/or community rights and livelihoods</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-socio-eco-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><p>trophy hunting is generating some positive benefits for conservation and/or community rights and livelihoods</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-protect-trad-cult field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional </div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-support-from-ngos field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Support from NGOs</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-support-from-government field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Support from Government</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-gain field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">High financial returns from use</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-cap-build field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Capacity building of community</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-mgmnt-plan field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan </div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-benefit-sharing field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good benefit-sharing mechanism</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Roe, D., Cremona, P. (2016) Informing decisions on trophy hunting: A Briefing Paper regarding issues to be taken into account when considering restriction of imports of hunting trophies.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-strategy-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2003 WWF-Mongolia initiated a community-based wildlife management project, based primarily on Altai Argali hunting, in the Uvs administrative region of northwest Mongolia. A major project goal was to enable local herder families and communities to take over wildlife management responsibilities from regional and national authorities. To this end, a financial mechanism was established– funded largely by trophy hunting fees– to compensate communities for their management work, and open-access regime of wildlife use was replaced by exclusive use by seven local community groups.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/416" hreflang="en">Near Threatened (NT)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-amount-range-gdp field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount (single figure or range)</div> <div class="field__item">123,400$ for the hunting of 12 argali</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/148" hreflang="en">Mongolia</a></div> </div> Fri, 11 Feb 2022 12:17:22 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 131 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/128 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvest_Zanthoxylum chalybeum_Tanzania</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 16:40</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-10T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in significantly modified habitat (<em>e.g., oil palm plantations, rice paddies</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Primary Producer/harvester (<em>e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Conservation and Management Challenges Facing a Medicinal Plant Zanthoxylum chalybeum in Simanjiro Area, Northern Tanzania</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Stable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Zanthoxylum chalybeum</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Zanthoxylum chalybeum</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Non-Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The most used plant parts for medicinal purposes were reported to be the roots and the stem bark (90.3% and 81.6%, respectively), possibly suggesting mortality caused by heavy harvesting.<br /> Respondents also mentioned other uses of the Z. chalybeum plant to be as beverage (porridge and tea) spice (83.5%), ruminant fodder<br /> (especially seeds) (58%), for Boma fencing (30%), and as firewood (11.6%).</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/294" hreflang="en">Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Zanthoxylum chalybeum is an important medicinal plant for malaria treatment, fever, cough, headaches, chest pain, digestive disorders (e.g., ulcers), some problems associated with the female reproductive system, diabetes, and toothache; Moreover, according to [12], the tree species is of economic importance to most of the rural communities who have inadequate livelihood resources. The plant leaves have been processed to make vegetables in powder form and sold in the market at TZS 2000 (USD 1.5) for 500 g and thus provide income.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/304" hreflang="en">Food for People</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/305" hreflang="en">Food for animals (including aquaculture)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/307" hreflang="en">Energy/Fuel</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Tanzania</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">Manyara Region</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Simanjiro District</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The district lies between 3◦52′ and 4◦24′ South and 36◦05′ and 36◦39′ East</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The harvesting methods of this species are considered to be unsustainable; Z. chalybeum is under the threat of unsustainability since roots and barks are the main plant parts harvested.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Mbinile, S. D., Munishi, L. K., Ngondya, I. B., &amp; Ndakidemi, P. A. (2020). Conservation and Management Challenges Facing a Medicinal Plant Zanthoxylum chalybeum in Simanjiro Area, Northern Tanzania. Sustainability, 12(10), 4140. MDPI AG. Retrieved from <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104140">http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104140</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/278" hreflang="en">Land Use Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/252" hreflang="en">Sub-national</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/654" hreflang="en">Tanzania</a></div> </div> Thu, 10 Feb 2022 16:40:16 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 128 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/126 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fishing_Tucuxi_Brazil</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 13:51</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-10T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Entire value chain</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Use of Tucuxi Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis for Medicinal and Magic/Religious Purposes in North of Brazil</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In Brazil, it is protected under the Federal Law, which prohibits hunting of any wildlife found in its territory for sale nationally or internationally</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/285" hreflang="en">Pollution</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/287" hreflang="en">Dams and other System Modifications</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/292" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Fishing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Threats include incidental mortality in fishing gear, deliberate killing for fish bait, damming of rivers, and environmental pollution from organochlorines and heavy metals</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Sotalia fluviatilis</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Tucuxi</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In Brazil, mainly in north, there is a market for the eyes, teeth, and genital organs of the dolphins, which are used as magical charms. The fat and oil of the skin also are used commercially and in traditional medicine ;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/298" hreflang="en">Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> <div class="field__item">Cultural/spiritual</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The species is used as part of religious and cultural practices, but is also traded commercially for those same purposes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/312" hreflang="en">Cultural or religious practices</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/344" hreflang="en">South America</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Brazil</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">Para</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The study was conducted in the City of Belém and in the fishing community of Pesqueiro Beach</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The demand for dolphin products in local markets may impact S. fluviatilis’ populations. However the magnitude of this impact needs to be further investigated and better understood.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Alves, R.R.N., Rosa, I.L. Use of Tucuxi Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis for Medicinal and Magic/Religious Purposes in North of Brazil. Hum Ecol 36, 443–447 (2008). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9174-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9174-5</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/252" hreflang="en">Sub-national</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/414" hreflang="en">Endangered (EN)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">incidental capture </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sustainability not determined</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Brazil</a></div> </div> Thu, 10 Feb 2022 13:51:52 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 126 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/121 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hunting_African elephant_Africa </span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 02/09/2022 - 10:22</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-09T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Sustainability of Elephant Hunting Across International Borders in Southern Africa: A Case Study of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/283" hreflang="en">Energy Production and Mining</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/287" hreflang="en">Dams and other System Modifications</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Poaching of African Savanna Elephants for ivory is a major cause of individual death and population decline (Wittemyer et al. 2014, Thouless et al. 2016). After a sustained period of intense poaching between the late 1970s and 1989, many African Savanna Elephant populations (e.g., in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda) experienced two to three decades of recovery. Data collected as a part of the CITES Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants programme (MIKE), indicate that poaching significantly intensified across the continent starting in 2008 and peaking in 2011 – an unsustainably high level of poaching has continued into current times in some areas of the continent (CITES 2018, 2019), and may be increasing in some of the historically less-affected southern African populations (CITES 2018, 2019). Rapid land use change by humans is driving the direct loss and fragmentation of habitat for African Savanna Elephants and is an increasing threat to populations across their range; Reported increase in human elephant conflict.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Loxodonta africana</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">African Elephant </div> <div class="field__item">African Savanna Elephant</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/296" hreflang="en">Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Recreational</div> <div class="field__item">Population/area management</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The aim of allocating hunting quotas in terms of problem animal control laws are to deter elephants from entering communal areas and to compensate local communities for damage to crops and property;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/309" hreflang="en">Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/314" hreflang="en">Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-amount field--type-float field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount</div> <div class="field__item">40.00</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-units-of-measurement field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Units Of Measurement</div> <div class="field__item"> bulls &gt;35 years old were killed within Botswana and Zimbabwe combined</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-over field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time period over which this has been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">2010 hunting season </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/315" hreflang="en">Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Currently, no common policy exits in quota setting for cross-border species, and each country determines their own quota based on limited data. however, there is no single multi-jurisdictional (cross-border) management authority regulating the hunting of elephant</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>spread across the junction of Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The GMTFCA is situated at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo Rivers and includes areas from Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> <div class="field__item">International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>mix of trophy hunting by tourists and hunting by local communities for population management.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (<em>e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>At current rates of hunting, under average ecological conditions, trophy bulls will disappear from the population in less than 10 years.<br /> When considering that the majority of mating in an elephant population is done by bulls &gt;35 years old (Poole 1989, Hollister-Smith et al. 2007), and that loosing these bulls can lead to social problems (Slotow et al. 2000), the maximum sustainable yield for social stability within the study area was predicted by the VORTEX model to be about 10 bulls &gt;35 years old per annum. The current levels of trophy hunting are thus unsustainable and far exceed the MSY of the population.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/375" hreflang="en">Negative Impact</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/375" hreflang="en">Negative Impact</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-people-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>the absence of older bulls, young bulls increase the frequency and duration of their musth period (Slotow et al. 2000). Abnormal behaviors in these young males, such as elevated aggression, killing people, and killing white rhino (Ceratotherium sinum sinum) have been the result of distorted male age hierarchies</p> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-wildlife-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>the absence of older bulls, young bulls increase the frequency and duration of their musth period (Slotow et al. 2000). Abnormal behaviors in these young males, such as elevated aggression, killing people, and killing white rhino (Ceratotherium sinum sinum) have been the result of distorted male age hierarchies</p> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-other-nonecon-impacts field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other Socio-Economic Impacts</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Excessive hunting will therefore affect photographic tourism within the Limpopo Valley through significantly reduced numbers of big bulls, and could affect the chances of viewing elephants in general</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-govern field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-policy-legisln field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Supportive policy and legislative framework </div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-protect-trad-cult field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional </div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-gain field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">High financial returns from use</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-mgmnt-plan field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan </div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/321" hreflang="en">Legal under national law</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Selier, S.-A.J., Page, B.R., Vanak, A.T. and Slotow, R. (2014), Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern Africa: A case study of the greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Jour. Wild. Mgmt., 78: 122-132. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.641">https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.641</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-neg-spp field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Hunting of bulls had a direct effect in reducing bull numbers but also an indirect effect due to disturbance that resulted in movement of elephants out of the areas in which hunting occurred. the elimination of older bulls from elephant populations may negatively affect social cohesion in bull elephant groups</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-desig field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the site have any designations? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/390" hreflang="en">Protected area</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/254" hreflang="en">Regional/Continental/Multi-country level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/414" hreflang="en">Endangered (EN)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> Wed, 09 Feb 2022 10:22:53 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 121 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/119 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Lion_Africa</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/08/2022 - 15:08</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-08T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> <div class="field__item">Wild species sourced from the wild but reared/cultivated in a managed site (<em>e.g., cultivated wild specimens, eggs/juveniles from the wild</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Entire value chain</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East-Southeast Asia</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Common and wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/285" hreflang="en">Pollution</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The main threats to Lions are indiscriminate killing (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect human life and livestock) and prey base depletion. Habitat loss and conversion has led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated (Bauer et al. 2008). Furthermore, trophy hunting has a net positive impact in a some areas, but may have at times contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Packer et al. 2009, 2011, 2013), Cameroon (Croes et al. 2011) and Zambia (Rosenblatt et al. 2014).</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Panthera leo</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Lion </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>bones</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/309" hreflang="en">Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-amount field--type-float field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount</div> <div class="field__item">1312.00</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-units-of-measurement field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Units Of Measurement</div> <div class="field__item">CITES permits issued to export bones</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-over field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time period over which this has been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">2013- 2015</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/331" hreflang="en">Increasing</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-rights-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant</div> <div class="field__item"><p>South Africa was the only legal exporter of bones to Asia until 2013 when Namibia issued permits to export skeletons to Vietnam.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> <div class="field__item">International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>First, the legal but rapacious E-SEA trade, derived annually from hundreds of captive-bred South African lions and a limited number of wild-origin ones from other African countries (the latter amounting to 0.9% of the total quantity listed on issued CITES permits to 2015, all from Namibia, Table 1). Second, the same trade to E-SEA, but conducted illegally (e.g. no permits, or sourced by poaching) (not quantified here). And third, the relatively more widespread but comparatively modest, but no less threatening, pan-African utilization of bones that is mostly for ‘traditional’ purposes and is typically sourced outside South Africa from wild lion populations killed in human-lion conflicts (‘problem lions’) and poaching [8], or in South Africa from poaching of captive-bred lions or sales from captive-facilities to traditional medicine (‘muti’) traders</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>there is minimal evidence to suggest that the East-Southeast Asian bone trade is presently adversely affecting wild lions in protected areas in South Africa, the extent of this specific trade in other lion range states still requires urgent pro- active monitoring and evaluation to substantiate and clarify these impacts and also those resulting from the trade in lion body parts for other purposes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-protect-trad-cult field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional </div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/325" hreflang="en">Some use is legal and some is illegal</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Williams VL, Loveridge AJ, Newton DJ, Macdonald DW (2017) A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East- Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185996. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185996">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185996</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/254" hreflang="en">Regional/Continental/Multi-country level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">Vulnerable (VU)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">Human Intrusions and disturbances</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> Tue, 08 Feb 2022 15:08:19 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 119 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/109 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hunting_African Lion_Tanzania</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 02/02/2022 - 15:01</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-02T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Wed, 02/02/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Entire value chain</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Non-detriment Report Under Cites Regarding The Export Of African Lions Panthera Leo From The United Republic Of Tanzania</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Uncommon but wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Lions are protected throughout the country, and it is the policy of the Government to conserve them both inside and outside protected areas as part of the countries biological heritage (Wildlife Conservation Act, 1974);</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/281" hreflang="en">Conflict and War</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/285" hreflang="en">Pollution</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-site-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Threats to Lion in Tanzania are limited/reversible.<br /> There are four types of non-natural mortality of lions in Tanzania on the based on research records, District Problem-Animal files and Wildlife Division Hunting records; Problem-animal control (PAC), ritual hunting, tourist hunting and road kills</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The main threats to Lions are indiscriminate killing (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect human life and livestock) and prey base depletion. Habitat loss and conversion has led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated (Bauer et al. 2008). Furthermore, trophy hunting has a net positive impact in a some areas, but may have at times contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Packer et al. 2009, 2011, 2013), Cameroon (Croes et al. 2011) and Zambia (Rosenblatt et al. 2014).</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Panthera leo</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">African Lion </div> <div class="field__item">Simba</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/296" hreflang="en">Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Recreational</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/309" hreflang="en">Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-amount field--type-float field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount</div> <div class="field__item">193.00</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-units-of-measurement field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Units Of Measurement</div> <div class="field__item">lions harvested annually from a quota of 320</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-over field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time period over which this has been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">2000-2007</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/315" hreflang="en">Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Harvesting of lions in Tanzania is controlled through the Wildlife Conservation Act (1974) and Hunting Regulations (2002).</p> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-rights-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Illegal harvest and trade in lion body parts are rare nationally (9 skins impounded between 2000-7), making it difficult to estimate through meaningful quantitative measures. These numbers are not considered when setting quotas, as numbers are regarded low and insignificant.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Tanzania</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)</div> <div class="field__item">National / local private sector</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>lions are harvested for trophy by foreign tourists hunters that must export them.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The harvest management regime in place insures that no lions are hunted by resident hunters and that only tourist hunters are permit- ted and in designated areas. The regime also insures that the tourist hunter’s harvest is limited (in quantity and quality) by a quota system. Approximately 193 lions were harvested annually from a quota of 320 between 2000-7, meeting 63.3% of harvest requirement. Regression analyses for key lion populations have shown significantly, positive linear relationships between quotas and offtake/harvest. A visual presentation by graphs of relationships between quotas and harvest/off- take are given in ANNEX II to show current non-detriment effects in Tanzania. These findings suggest current harvest levels have had no- detriment effects to the lion population in Tanzania.<br /> In conclusion, the requirements for a non-detriment finding are met with the management regime put in place by the Wildlife Division.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-policy-legisln field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Supportive policy and legislative framework </div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-support-from-government field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Support from Government</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-gain field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">High financial returns from use</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-mgmnt-plan field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan </div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/321" hreflang="en">Legal under national law</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Ikanda, D.K. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 5 – Mammals: Non-detriment Report Under Cites Regarding The Export Of African Lions Panthera Leo From The United Republic Of Tanzania.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/277" hreflang="en">Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/290" hreflang="en">Direct Persecution</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">Vulnerable (VU)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/654" hreflang="en">Tanzania</a></div> </div> Wed, 02 Feb 2022 15:01:25 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 109 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/107 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hunting_Narwhal_Greenland</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 02/02/2022 - 09:43</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-02T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Wed, 02/02/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Primary Producer/harvester (<em>e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Greenland, Narwhal (Monodon Monoceros)</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Common and wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Greenland Red List, “Critically endangered” in West Greenland and data deficient in East Greenland.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/283" hreflang="en">Energy Production and Mining</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/285" hreflang="en">Pollution</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/292" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Fishing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Monodon monoceros</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Narwhal </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/296" hreflang="en">Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Meat and skin are consumed locally or distributed within Greenland. Tusks are generally sold and resold by a number of intermediaries. Tusks reach the final consumer both as whole tusks and pieces used for artwork.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/304" hreflang="en">Food for People</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/311" hreflang="en">Ornamentation, decoration and apparel</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/315" hreflang="en">Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The meat, skin and tusks are sold legally within Greenland. The skin is considered a delicacy with high cultural value and high demand within Greenland. Prior to the export ban in 2006, tusks, and artwork from tusks, where exported legally, mainly as personal items bought in Greenland. Export is now prohibited</p> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-rights-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant</div> <div class="field__item"><p>To our knowledge, there are no statistics about narwhal products smuggled out of Greenland. But given the lack of systematic control in harbours and airports, it is not impossible that a number of narwhal items leave the island unnoticed.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/348" hreflang="en">Arctic Sea</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Greenland</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>We have been unable to provide a positive NDF for narwhals in Greenland because the catches in the west are larger than what was recommended by the Scientific Working Group of the JCNB. The current recommended takes are much lower than the catches before the introduction of quotas, and hunters are very reluctant to accept such a large reduction; they encounter narwhals often and consider them abundant. In the end, the government sets quotas that are a compromise between the scientific advice and the hunter’s knowledge. in accordance with the precautionary principle, the current biological advice is conservative.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/321" hreflang="en">Legal under national law</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Witting, L., Ugarte, F., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 5 – Mammals: Greenland, Narwhal (Monodon Monoceros).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/87" hreflang="en">Greenland</a></div> </div> Wed, 02 Feb 2022 09:43:31 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 107 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/94 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fishing_European Eel_Sweden</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:10</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-01-31T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Non Detriment Findings For The European Eel - The Swedish Case</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>; the Species Protection Act 2007:845, as a species of national interest. The Species Protection Act 2007:845 prescribes that operations trading live specimens listed on (CITES appendix I or II) must have a license of operation</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/283" hreflang="en">Energy Production and Mining</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/285" hreflang="en">Pollution</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/287" hreflang="en">Dams and other System Modifications</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/289" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/292" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Fishing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-site-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In Sweden the eel is under the same threats are as in most countries, viz. a high fishing mortality, inaccessibility to suitable growing areas, obstacles for both up- as downstream migration and high mortalities on hydropower screens and in turbines. In addition come POPs and several diseases and parasites. Among the latter, the introduced swim bladder parasite, Anguillicola crassus, does probably pose a significant hazard to a successful reproduction.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Anguilla anguilla is susceptible to a number of natural and anthropogenic threats. These threats include but are not limited to; barriers to migration, climate change, habitat loss/degradation, invasive species, parasitism, pollution, predation and unsustainable exploitation (Drouineau et al. 2018). The occurrence and significance of these threats varies considerably from area to area across the species range. The significance of any single threat, or the synergy it may have with other threats is still poorly understood (Dekker 2004, Jacoby et al. 2015, Miller et al. 2016). It is therefore important to highlight that management measures focusing on a single threat, in isolation of other identified pressures (listed below), are less likely to have a significant positive effect on the stock than a combined approach.<br /> As a fat, long lived, semelparous fish species eels also accumula- te a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as DDT, PCBs, and dioxins, which is known to disturb their reproductive success.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Anguilla anguilla</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">European Eel</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/298" hreflang="en">Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>direct consumption as well as to be used as seed in aquaculture both in Europe and in e.g. China.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/304" hreflang="en">Food for People</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/317" hreflang="en">Yes, formal but regular non compliance</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>With today’s legislation the fishermen still allowed to catch eels are obliged to report their catch using a logbook system. From the recreational fishery that still is allowed, i.e. upstream three hydropower turbines only eels that are sold in any quantities are reported to the Board of Fisheries. In parallel with the logbook system there is also a system based on contract notes drawn up by wholesale traders buying eels from the fishermen.<br /> Being a fairly well paid species, eels are often traded outside the legal frames</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/338" hreflang="en">Europe</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Sweden</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">National / local private sector</div> <div class="field__item">International private sector</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Eels are used for human consumption and there is a large-scale international market where Japan, followed by Korea and Hongkong are the main consumers of most eel species taken together. From Sweden most eels are exported live, fresh or frozen to The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/321" hreflang="en">Legal under national law</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Wickström, H. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies Wg 8 – Fishes: Non Detriment Findings For The European Eel - The Swedish Case.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/277" hreflang="en">Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/287" hreflang="en">Dams and other System Modifications</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/289" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/292" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Fishing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/413" hreflang="en">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/413" hreflang="en">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/216" hreflang="en">Sweden</a></div> </div> Mon, 31 Jan 2022 12:10:34 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 94 at https://speciesusedatabase.com