https://speciesusedatabase.com/ en https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/129 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Big Leaf Mahogany_Brazil</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 19:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-10T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Big-leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla population dynamics and implications for sustainable management</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This species is the most commercially important of the mahoganies. The level of exploitation has led to the exhaustion of supplies particularly in the northern parts of its range. Regeneration of the species is stochastic, depending in nature on large-scale disturbance. This ecological strategy makes mahogany vulnerable to logging regimes. Harvesting and processing are generally only 50 percent efficient. There is, at present, little economic incentive to manage natural stands sustainably.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Swietenia macrophylla</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Big Leaf Mahogany</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/295" hreflang="en">Logging and/or Wood Harvesting</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/344" hreflang="en">South America</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Brazil</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">Para</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Marajoara</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The study site is a 4100-ha forest industry-owned management area called Marajoara, located at 7°50′S, 50°16′W in the southeast corner of the state of Para</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>These results indicate that current harvest regulations in Brazil for mahogany and other high-value timber species with similar life histories will lead to commercial depletion after 2–3 cutting cycles. . Current legal harvest prac- tices for these species are likewise unsustainable and must be revised to account for species biology</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/321" hreflang="en">Legal under national law</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Grogan, J., Landis, R.M., Free, C.M., Schulze, M.D., Lentini, M. and Ashton, M.S. (2014), Big-leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla population dynamics and implications for sustainable management. J Appl Ecol, 51: 664-674. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12210">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12210</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/251" hreflang="en">Individual Site</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">Vulnerable (VU)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Brazil</a></div> </div> Thu, 10 Feb 2022 19:39:43 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 129 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/127 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Lebombo Ironwood_South Africa </span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 14:26</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-10T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Primary Producer/harvester (<em>e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Impact of Ethnobotanical Utilization on the Population Structure of Androstachys Johnsonii Prain. in the Vhembe Area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Common and wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This species has been heavily exploited for timber where it occurs, for example in Mozambique it was one of the most exploited timber species in 2005, and this is exacerbated by it being a slow-growing tree. It suffers from deforestation, such as in the Baixo Pinda Forest Reserve and to a lesser extent in Matibane Forest Reserve, which have been subject to clearance for agriculture (Lemmens et al. 2012, J. Timberlake pers. comm. 2019). In Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, Androstachys johnsonii are declining from high population densities of African elephants and high fire frequencies causing a shift from savanna woodland to scrubland or grassland</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Androstachys johnsonii</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Lebombo Ironwood</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>different parts of A. johnsonii such as stem, leaves, roots and bark are used for various purposes by villagers of Matshena village</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/295" hreflang="en">Logging and/or Wood Harvesting</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>this species is mostly used for fencing, roofing, pillar construction, and as firewood. Additional ethnobotanical uses include fodder for goats and cattle and medicinal purposes;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/305" hreflang="en">Food for animals (including aquaculture)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">South Africa</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">Limpopo Province</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Mathena village</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Matshena village is situated in the Mutale Local Municipality of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (<em>e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>it is clear that A. johnsonii is in dire need of formal (legislative) and traditional (tribal) protection if the population is to be managed in a sustainable manner for the preservation of future generations.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Mokou BM, Jordaan JJ, Mafeo TP, et al. (2017) Impact of Ethnobotanical Utilization on the Population Structure of Androstachys Johnsonii Prain. in the Vhembe Area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Insights For Res 1(1):50-56.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-neg-spp field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The negative response of trees through defoliated crowns is an indication of unfavourable conditions for their growth and development.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/251" hreflang="en">Individual Site</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/207" hreflang="en">South Africa</a></div> </div> Thu, 10 Feb 2022 14:26:20 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 127 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/108 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Madagascar cycad_Mozambique</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 02/02/2022 - 14:55</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-02T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Wed, 02/02/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Final Report On A Research On Distribution, Population Size Classes, Reproduction Status, Threats And Management Options For C.i.t.e.s. Non-detriment Findings Of Cycas thouarsii In Mozambique</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Stable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Uncommon but wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-site-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This project has identified few threats to the species. 1. Erosion as occurred at Timbué light house (Zambezi river mouth) (See photo below) which destroyed the known Herbarium vouchers specimens on site; 2. Urban expansion - example of one old plant cut for market expansion at Matilde village (Zambezi delta); 3. Uncontrolled fires that affected the plants at Luabo village. Accounts indicated a sustainable use of its sap as glue for paper.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>There are no major threats to this species, although plants would have been impacted in places by collectors, coastal developments (tourist resorts, urban expansion) and agricultural expansion (small-holder crops).</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Cycas thouarsii</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Madagascar cycad</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Non-Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>use of sap as glue for paper</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/294" hreflang="en">Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/331" hreflang="en">Increasing</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Mozambique</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Bandeira, S. (n.d.) Final Report On A Research On Distribution, Population Size Classes, Reproduction Status, Threats And Management Options For C.i.t.e.s. Non-detriment Findings Of Cycas thouarsii In Mozambique. Available from:</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-vulnerability-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">The absence of male plants </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/152" hreflang="en">Mozambique</a></div> </div> Wed, 02 Feb 2022 14:55:03 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 108 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/103 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Holywood Lignum Vitae_Mexico </span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/01/2022 - 14:44</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-01T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 1 – Trees: Non-detriment Findings Report On Guaiacum Sanctum In Mexico</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Common and wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>G. sanctum has been considered a threatened species in Mexico since 1994 (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001), specifically in the “Species under special protection” category.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-site-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The main threats for Guaiacum sanctum in Mexico are HABITAT LOSS/DEGRADATION OF HABITAT provoked by human activities, espe- cially the conversion from forest to agriculture-pasture lands and human settlements. OVERHARVESTING of Guaiacum sanctum has reduced its abundan- ce in some areas, but currently does not represent a threatening factor. Local use of the species is present in some communities, but at very low levels and we do not consider this a threat for the long-term per- sistence of the species</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In Central America and Florida remaining populations are threatened with habitat loss or exploitation, e.g., in Guancaste in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Florida Keys. As with G. officinale, both the timber and medicinal resin are of commercial use and have been traded for several centuries. Tropical semi-deciduous and dry forests, which represent the main habitats of Guaiacum sanctum are among the most threatened ecosystems in the Americas and globally (Miles et al. 2006). Habitat loss of G. sanctum is mainly due to deforestation associated with increasing human populations, conversion of forest to human-managed areas, and increasing fragmentation of the remaining forest area (López‐Toledo et al. 2011, Miles et al. 2006). For Mexico, analyses of the geographic distribution suggested that their habitat is highly fragmented. It is likely that small, isolated populations close to the margins of the species’ distributions are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the negative demographic and genetic effects of forest fragmentation. Although, it still exists an international trade, this has diminished noticeably. At the moment, Mexico is the only exporter of Guaiacum sanctum timber and it is only logged at Campeche state in the Yucatan Peninsula at two localities. These two forest communities fulfill with CITES requirements. The species is used locally for timber but at low levels and this is not a long term threat to the species (López-Toledo et al. 2008). The illegal trade of this species is also rare, with only a small amount being confiscated from Yucatan in 2008. Hence, logging and over harvesting is currently considered a low threat to the species.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Guaiacum sanctum</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Holywood Lignum Vitae</div> <div class="field__item">guayacan</div> <div class="field__item">palo santo</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Generally, only the main log of a given tree (4-5 m) is extracted, leaving the rest of the stem and branches in the forest as these are not useful to the timber industry.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/295" hreflang="en">Logging and/or Wood Harvesting</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>G. sanctum has historically been heavily exploited for its medicinal properties, especially for the treatment of syphilis and arthritis; It was also used as a laxative, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Currently the more important trade is for timber products. The high density and resin content of the wood confer auto-lubricating properties that make it suitable for the ship-building industry</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/332" hreflang="en">Decreasing</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-rights-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In general, illegal logging for commercial pur- poses is rare, but its effects cannot be discounted. For example, in September 2008 a small amount of G. sanctum timber was confiscated in a small community of Yucatan, near Merida (Dzitia), because of lack of authorization for harvesting.<br /> Although there are no estimates of the extent of illegal logging for inter- national trade, it is likely to be very low or non-existent given the reduction of G. sanctum’s use</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/344" hreflang="en">South America</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Mexico</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes – use is improving the status (<em>e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-pos-spp-impact field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This study found that logging reduced stem den- sity and residual tree basal area at a local scale, but our study suggests that harvesting of G. sanctum had only minor short-term effects on the dynamics and regeneration of the tree community. Guaiacum sanctum seedling abundance and rates of growth, mortality and recruitment were sensitive to the effects of harvesting, but the demo- graphic attributes of adults were unaffected by logging.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/325" hreflang="en">Some use is legal and some is illegal</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>López-Toledo, L., Burslem, D., Martínez-Ramos, M., García-Naranjo, A. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 1 – Trees: Non-detriment Findings Report On Guaiacum Sanctum In Mexico</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/277" hreflang="en">Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/416" hreflang="en">Near Threatened (NT)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/144" hreflang="en">Mexico</a></div> </div> Tue, 01 Feb 2022 14:44:54 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 103 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/102 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Logging_Ramin_Malaysia</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/01/2022 - 14:20</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-02-01T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Entire value chain</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus) Harvesting In Malaysia</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-site-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced) and associated threats such as fire, presence of drainage and irrigation canals and long-term intrinsic factors resulting from the alteration of hydrological regimes, etc. Other threats include unsustainable harvesting of its resources and the presence of canals for log transport.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This species is threatened by its historical over-exploitation for timber. Another major threat to the species is habitat loss and decline. This is caused by a variety of reasons in particular the development of oil palm plantations across the region. As previously stated, within Sarawak, over half of Permanent Forest Estates have been cleared and palm oil plantations established (Sabki et al. 2010). Forests are becoming degraded due to logging activity with stretches cleared for timber roads or railroads. In some places, this threat is more acute than others. The degradation of forests has put them at greater risk from fire which generates further risk (UNEP WCMC 2016). Within Indonesia, fire is thought to have significantly contributed to the decline in G. bancanus subpopulations. Habitat change also occurs as a consequence of land drainage and canal establishment within the swamps, in Malaysia (Chua 2010). The species is subject to habitat fragmentation and there is a lack of protected areas within peat swamps forests.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Gonystylus bancanus</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">ramin</div> <div class="field__item">melawis</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">Only parts or products of the organism (<em>e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts</em>)</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>stems</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/295" hreflang="en">Logging and/or Wood Harvesting</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> <div class="field__item">Cultural/spiritual</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Ramin timber is widely used to make decorative cabinets, furniture, and interior decoration such as wall panelling, light flooring, door and window frames, mouldings, skirtings, ceilings, partitions, stair treads and counter tops. Ramin is also used to make toys, turnery, broom handles, venetian blind slats, dowels, picture frames and drawing boards; s. The resin is used by local communities as incense, while pounded fruits are used to poison fish. A concoction of roots is admi- nistered after childbirth.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/312" hreflang="en">Cultural or religious practices</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/335" hreflang="en">Antarctic</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">National / local private sector</div> <div class="field__item">International private sector</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Major importing countries include the USA, Europe, Japan, Australia and Taiwan.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Chua, L.S.L. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies<br /> WG 1 – Trees: Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus) Harvesting In Malaysia.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/277" hreflang="en">Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/413" hreflang="en">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> Tue, 01 Feb 2022 14:20:19 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 102 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/97 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Saguaro_Mexico</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/31/2022 - 13:17</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-01-31T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">“Grey” literature (<em>e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed</em>))</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Harvesting of Saguaro in Mexico for ornamentation and construction purposes.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Common but only within narrow areas of distribution</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">No formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/289" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-site-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Cattle ranching, particularly the transformation of desert into pastures of exotic buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare), has extirpated, or severely reduced many local populations contributing to fragmentation;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In Mexico, Carnegiea gigantea is primarily threatened by changes in land use for cattle ranching. In the Unites States, this species is primarily threatened by urbanization. Saguaros are also threatened by collection from the wild, including indiscriminate and illegal trade (Paredes et al. 2000). There is a high demand for Saguaro ribs, the internal woody frame of this cactus species, that leads to over-collection. The species is threatened by competition from the invasive buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) and from the increased frequency of fires associated with buffelgrass.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Carnegiea gigantea</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Saguaro</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Trade in live wild specimens is carried in a small scale, mainly for ornamental purposes. These are usually limited to plants 1-3 m tall. Harvest of dead ribs for commercial purposes has increased since the 1990s.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/294" hreflang="en">Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Harvesting of sahuaro “ribs”, the woody skeleton of dead sahuaros has been carried out by native peoples for centuries. Desert people, relied on these materials for construction, crafts, and firewood. Today, there is great demand, mainly in the USA markets for sahuaro ribs to make furniture and constructions in the “southwest style”.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/304" hreflang="en">Food for People</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/307" hreflang="en">Energy/Fuel</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/311" hreflang="en">Ornamentation, decoration and apparel</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/317" hreflang="en">Yes, formal but regular non compliance</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>There is no quota system, but Mexican government authorities have established a moratorium on issuing permits until the sustainable use of ribs is clarified.<br /> Historically there are large discrepancies between the issued permits and the exported quantities reported.</p> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-rights-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant</div> <div class="field__item"><p>As the species is protected in the USA, most stocks of sahuaro ribs have been imported legal and illegally from Mexico.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/339" hreflang="en">Mesoamerica</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Mexico</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)</div> <div class="field__item">National / local private sector</div> <div class="field__item">International private sector</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-all-users field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If more than one box ticked, please provide more details</div> <div class="field__item"><p>traditional use by locals for ornamentation/food, and export to USA as construction material;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/325" hreflang="en">Some use is legal and some is illegal</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Búrquez, A. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 3 – Succulents and Cycads: Sahuaro (Carnegiea gigantea) In Mexico.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/277" hreflang="en">Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">Gathering terrestrial plants;</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-threats-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">Gathering terrestrial plants;</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/144" hreflang="en">Mexico</a></div> </div> Mon, 31 Jan 2022 13:17:15 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 97 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/88 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Logging_Maritime Pine_France</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 01/28/2022 - 12:12</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-01-28T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Fri, 01/28/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in significantly modified habitat (<em>e.g., oil palm plantations, rice paddies</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Biomass and nutrients in tree root systems–sustainable harvesting of an intensively managed Pinus pinaster (Ait.) planted forest</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Increasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Residential, urban, industrial and tourism related developments in coastal areas has reduced the available habitat for this species. However, this decline is more than offset by its expansion in other areas.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Pinus pinaster</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Maritime Pine</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The aboveground biomass of trees was first harvested, except the bottom of the stem. Next, understory vegetation and the forest floor were removed up to a radius of 1.5 m around each stump using hand tools. The stump–root system was collected using a backhoe with around 10 operators working with hand tools.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/295" hreflang="en">Logging and/or Wood Harvesting</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>many countries are implementing policies to promote the use of biomass for energy production (EC, 2000). In this context, forest ecosystems are often seen as potential providers of plant biomass.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/307" hreflang="en">Energy/Fuel</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/338" hreflang="en">Europe</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">France</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">Aquitaine</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Landes de Gascogne forest</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>(ca. 900 kha; ca. 43.5–45.5°N and 1.5°W–0.3°E). Stands are monospecific and even-aged ones. Soils are podzols and arenosols which are acidic, sandy, more or less cemented and highly P-deficient</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Mixed(<em>e.g., some beneficial effects, some deleterious</em>)</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-impact-habitat field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Results are reported in terms on impacts on nutrient content of the soil:<br /> we compared three scenarios (i.e. S + R: stem + belowground biomass; S + B: stem + branches; S + B + F: stem + branches + foliage) in comparison with a conventional stem-only harvest (S). in the S + R scenario, harvesting roots led to additional export of nutrients, which was lower than or similar to the additional biomass exports (i.e. +9 to +15%). In the S + B scenario, the increases in nutrient exports were higher than the increase in export of biomass (i.e. +21 to +34%). These increases were high- est in the S+B+F scenario (i.e. +30 to +57%); our simulations clearly showed that harvesting complete canopies (i.e. S + B + F scenario) is disproportionally expensive in terms of nutrients. we conclude that our forest site conditions (i.e. characterized by severely poor soils) are more propitious to root harvests than to branch harvests; On the basis of our results and based on results in literature, we conclude that, even if it is technically feasible (Nunez-Regueira et al., 2005), using tree foliage as fuelwood is probably not sustainable in most infertile forests. Conversely, using tree stumps and coarse roots as fuelwood may be sustainable for carbon mitigation strategies</p> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Combining our original results on roots with previously published data on the above ground compartments showed that nutrient losses were higher in canopy harvest scenarios than in root harvest scenarios. This was mainly due to high nutrient concentrations of needles. We concluded that stump and root harvest could be sustainable in our study context, conversely to foliage harvest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/326" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Augusto, L., Achat, D.L., Bakker, M.R., Bernier, F., Bert, D., Danjon, F., Khlifa, R., Meredieu, C. and Trichet, P. (2015), Biomass and nutrients in tree root systems–sustainable harvesting of an intensively managed Pinus pinaster (Ait.) planted forest. GCB Bioenergy, 7: 231-243. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12127">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12127</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/293" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/251" hreflang="en">Individual Site</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered sustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">France</a></div> </div> Fri, 28 Jan 2022 12:12:16 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 88 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/75 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_African Teak_Tanzania </span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 01/25/2022 - 13:13</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-01-25T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Tue, 01/25/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Primary Producer/harvester (<em>e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Assessing the sustainability of harvest of Pterocarpus angolensis in Rukwa Region, Tanzania</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Uncommon but wildly distributed</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/289" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The species is overexploited for its timber which has caused many local populations to become diminished. This exploitation endangers those large trees that are of harvestable size (Takawira-Nyenya 2005). The current harvest of the timber is unsustainable one study showed that if current rate of timber extraction (5.6% per annum) continued in Northern Province, South Africa, all exploitable timber would be gone within the next 30 years (Desmet et al. 1996). Big trees are now rarely seen and there are not thought to be enough small trees to replace these, immature trees are even being harvested to bridge the gap in some (but not all) places (Geldenhuys 2013). The reduction in large trees reduce the amount of seed being produced (Shackleton 2002) but the impact this has on the potential viability of the tree in the future is not currently known.</p> <p>The species is intrinsically threatened by its poor germination (Boaler 1966) and low seedling survival rate (Takawira-Nyenya 2005). Seedlings will often be browsed by animals putting them at risk and both trees and seedlings are damaged by elephants within the region. The species is also threatened by a fungus (Fusarium oxysporum) that causes dieback known as Mukwa blight or mukwa dieback (van Wyk et al. 1993).</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Pterocarpus angolensis</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">African Teak </div> <div class="field__item">Wild Teak </div> <div class="field__item">Kiaat</div> <div class="field__item">Umvangazi</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-parts-prods field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of parts/products taken</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Trees are hand cut, rolled to saw pits, sawn into logs and then removed by truck to a train depot;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In Tanzania, P. angolenesis wood is widely utilized for furniture, veneer, carving and general purpose timber; In South Africa, the sap is used traditionally for treatment of ringworms and ulcers, eye treatment against cataracts, malaria, blackwater fever and skin inflammation, and urinary schistosomiasis;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/306" hreflang="en">Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/317" hreflang="en">Yes, formal but regular non compliance</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>in Msaginia Forest Reserve (MFR), Settlements and cattle grazing are forbidden in the Forest Reserve but selective harvest of P. angolensis is carried out under license. In practice, most tree cutters spend months in the Forest Reserve and illegally hunt mammals there.<br /> within Katavi National Park (KNP) No temporary or permanent settlements are allowed aside from Park headquarters and two outlying ranger posts; no livestock, beekeeping, hunting, fishing or timber extractions are tolerated. Tanzania National Park rangers conducting vehicle and foot patrols enforce these laws.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/346" hreflang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Tanzania</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-state field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub region/state</div> <div class="field__item">Rukwa Region, western Tanzania</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-site-desc field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Site Description</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The study site was in and immediately south of Katavi National Park (KNP), latitude 68450 –78050 S, longitude 308450 –318250 E at the north end of Rukwa Valley in Rukwa Region, western Tanzania. The second area is Msaginia Forest Reserve (MFR), adjacent and north east of the Park;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/366" hreflang="en">State Owned</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (<em>e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Results showed that adult P. angolensis are being removed very rapidly given its slow growth rate as determined from tree ring data, and that regeneration both inside and outside the protected area is very low. A simple model indicates that current harvest is unsustainable raising serious concerns about the long-term viability of this important hardwood species in miombo woodland</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-socio-eco-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In the MFR, We cannot predict when economic extinction will occur within this system, but we can say that the population is heading toward economic extinction rapidly. Discussions with loggers suggest that they believe that there is approximately 5 years to go before they will be forced to leave the area;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Present</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/325" hreflang="en">Some use is legal and some is illegal</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Schwartz, M., Caro, T., &amp; Banda-Sakala, T. (2002). Assessing the sustainability of harvest of Pterocarpus angolensis in Rukwa Region, Tanzania. Forest Ecology And Management, 170(1-3), 259-269. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00774-5</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-neg-spp field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Results showed that adult P. angolensis are being removed very rapidly given its slow growth rate as determined from tree ring data, and that regeneration both inside and outside the protected area is very low. A simple model indicates that current harvest is unsustainable raising serious concerns about the long-term viability of this important hardwood species in miombo woodland</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-desig field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the site have any designations? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/390" hreflang="en">Protected area</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/252" hreflang="en">Sub-national</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/417" hreflang="en">Least Concern (LC)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/654" hreflang="en">Tanzania</a></div> </div> Tue, 25 Jan 2022 13:13:28 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 75 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/53 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Captivity_Asian Elephants_Myanmar</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 01/18/2022 - 16:44</span> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-01-18T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Tue, 01/18/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species sourced from the wild but reared/cultivated in a managed site (<em>e.g., cultivated wild specimens, eggs/juveniles from the wild</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Modeling population viability of captive elephants in Myanmar (Burma): implications for wild populations</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Decreasing</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/329" hreflang="en">CMS listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Formal national protection in place</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect-details field--type-text field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1995, after signing CITES, Myanmar banned all wild elephant captures.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/276" hreflang="en">Agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/282" hreflang="en">Residential and Commercial Development</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/283" hreflang="en">Energy Production and Mining</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/284" hreflang="en">Climate Change</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/286" hreflang="en">Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/287" hreflang="en">Dams and other System Modifications</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/291" hreflang="en">Invasive Species</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The challenges confronting elephant conservation in most elephant Range States are habitat loss and fragmentation, human–elephant conflict, and poaching and illegal trade of elephants;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Elephas maximus</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Asian elephant</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Non-Extractive</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonextrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/330" hreflang="en">Watching/experiencing terrestrial, aerial, or aquatic fauna and flora in the wild (e.g., birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife watching)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)</div> <div class="field__item">Income generation from trade at individual or household or community</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-purpose-use field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>most captive elephants in Myanmar are used in logging operations</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-amount field--type-float field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Amount</div> <div class="field__item">6000.00</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-units-of-measurement field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Units Of Measurement</div> <div class="field__item">number of elephants used as work animals in Myanmar</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-over field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time period over which this has been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">2008</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/320" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-rights-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant</div> <div class="field__item"><p>In 1995, after signing CITES, Myanmar banned all wild elephant captures. How- ever, elephants are still captured in areas where human– elephant conflict requires mitigation. Frequently herds of 10, 20 or more are removed from conflict areas and trained as working elephants.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/335" hreflang="en">Antarctic</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-prim-users field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item">National / local private sector</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (<em>e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-sus-assess field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Details of assessment carried out</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Our results demonstrate that the current captive population is not self-sustaining because mortality is too high and birth rates are too low. Our models also suggest 􏰂100 elephants year􏰃1 have been captured in the wild to supplement the captive population. Such supplementation cannot be supported by a wild population of fewer than 4000 elephants. Given the most recent expert estimate of 􏰂2000 wild elephants remaining in Myanmar, a harvest of 100 elephants year􏰃1 could result in extinction of the wild population in 31years.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Medicine/healthcare</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/322" hreflang="en">Illegal under national law</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Leimgruber, P., Senior, B., , Aung, M., Songer, M.A., Mueller, T., Wemmer, C. and Ballou, J.D. (2008), Modeling population viability of captive elephants in Myanmar (Burma): implications for wild populations. Animal Conservation, 11: 198-205. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00172.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00172.x</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-neg-spp field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Our models also suggest 􏰂100 elephants per year􏰃 have been captured in the wild to supplement the captive population. Such supplementation cannot be supported by a wild population of fewer than 4000 elephants. Given the most recent expert estimate of 􏰂2000 wild elephants remaining in Myanmar, a harvest of 100 elephants per year could result in extinction of the wild population in less than 31 years.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/280" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Hunting</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/253" hreflang="en">National Level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/414" hreflang="en">Endangered (EN)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-threats-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">Human-Wildlife Conflict</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use-other field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Other</div> <div class="field__item">NA</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess-new field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Yes, considered unsustainable</div> Tue, 18 Jan 2022 16:44:28 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 53 at https://speciesusedatabase.com https://speciesusedatabase.com/node/45 <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Harvesting_Big Leaf Mahogany_Global</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Emma_Hemmerle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 01/13/2022 - 14:42</span> <div class="field field--name-field-record-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"><time datetime="2005-06-01T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Wed, 06/01/2005 - 12:00</time> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-aff field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field__item">IIED</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-entry-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Date Of Record Entry</div> <div class="field__item"><time datetime="2022-01-13T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Thu, 01/13/2022 - 12:00</time> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of wild species covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Wild species used in its natural habitat</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-val-chain field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Stage of the value chain covered by the record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-source field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Record Source</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Scientific publication (<em>e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed</em>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sum-rec field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Big-Leaf Mahogany on CITES Appendix II: Big Challenge, Big Opportunity</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rl-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-endemic field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the species endemic HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-status field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Status</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Formal international protection in place</div> <div class="field field--name-field-int-spp-protect-inplace field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">International Level</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/328" hreflang="en">CITES listing</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">National Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-threat field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-pop-trend field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Population Trend</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subnat-spp-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Sub-national Level</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-glob-threats field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>This species is the most commercially important of the mahoganies. The level of exploitation has led to the exhaustion of supplies particularly in the northern parts of its range. Regeneration of the species is stochastic, depending in nature on large-scale disturbance. This ecological strategy makes mahogany vulnerable to logging regimes. Harvesting and processing are generally only 50 percent efficient. There is, at present, little economic incentive to manage natural stands sustainably.</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-name field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Name</div> <div class="field__item">Emma Hemmerlé</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-species field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--species paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-sci-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Scientific Name</div> <div class="field__item">Swietenia macrophylla</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-name field--type-string field--label-inline clearfix"> <div class="field__label">Common Name(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Big Leaf Mahogany</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-type field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Type of Use</div> <div class="field__item">Extractive (<em>i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment</em>)</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-lethal-nonlethal field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">If extractive, for the target species, is this use</div> <div class="field__item">Lethal</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-take-extraction field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does this use involve take/extraction of</div> <div class="field__item">The whole entire organism</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-extrtv-use-mode field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How is the primary use carried out?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/295" hreflang="en">Logging and/or Wood Harvesting</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-target-traits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-purpose field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Purpose of Use</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Largescale commercial exploitation for trade</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-end-use field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/313" hreflang="en">Building/construction</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-offtake-trend field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/334" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gov-legal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use? </div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/317" hreflang="en">Yes, formal but regular non compliance</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-details-use-regime field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Additional Details (if available)</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Appendix II listing, the second-most stringent category of CITES protection, requires verification that internationally traded individuals or volumes of listed species have been harvested legally and in a manner that is not detrimental to their role in ecosystems where they naturally occur; however, legislation clearly mandating CITES implementation does not yet exist in some range nations; agencies responsible for evaluation and control of forest management often lack the the technical and enforcement resources to ensure legal compliance;</p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-land field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Geographic Location</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/335" hreflang="en">Antarctic</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country</div> <div class="field__item">Global </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-legal-protect field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the site legally/formally protected?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-site-tenure field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Ownership</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/369" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-management field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Management</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/373" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-strategy-cons field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?</div> <div class="field__item">Yes</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-impact field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE</div> <div class="field__item">No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-nat-select field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-poaching-iwt field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade? </div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not reported</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impact-other-spp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-habitat-impact field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">No assessment has been recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-flows field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-revenue-gdp field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Contribution to GDP</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-food field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Food</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-energy field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Energy</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-education field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Education</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-skills field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Training/Skills</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-rights field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Land/Resource Rights</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-decision-making field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Decision Making</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-social-cohesion field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Social Cohesion</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- people</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-conflict-wildlife field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Conflict- wildlife</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-climate-change field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Climate Change</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/377" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-socio-econ-sus-ass field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded</div> <div class="field__item">No assessment recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welfare field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-disease-risk field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-impacts-anim-welf field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-practises field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-risk-pathogen field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-health-welf-sus-assess field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> <div class="field field--name-field-comm-govern field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-policy-legisln field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Supportive policy and legislative framework </div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-capacity field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-protect-trad-cult field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional </div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-support-from-ngos field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Support from NGOs</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-support-from-government field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Support from Government</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-finance-gain field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">High financial returns from use</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-spp-pop field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Abundant population of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-bio-spp field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Biological characteristics of target species</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-cap-build field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Capacity building of community</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-mgmnt-plan field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan </div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-certification field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Effective private sector approach engagement through certification</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-benefit-sharing field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good benefit-sharing mechanism</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-market-strategies field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Good Market Strategies</div> <div class="field__item">Absent</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-legal-nonlegal field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is this use legal or illegal?</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/325" hreflang="en">Some use is legal and some is illegal</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ref field--type-text-long field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Source Reference(s)</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Grogan, J., &amp; Barreto, P. (2005). Big-Leaf Mahogany on CITES Appendix II: Big Challenge, Big Opportunity. Conservation Biology, 19(3), 973–976. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3591090">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3591090</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-strategy-details field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>this study is looking at whether the CITES Appendix II listing of 2003 can help solve the bug leaf mahogany harvesting problem.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-threats-pressures-impactin field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/277" hreflang="en">Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/279" hreflang="en">Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/288" hreflang="en">Transportation and Service Corridors</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-use-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Who is involved in the use?</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/383" hreflang="en">Unknown/Not Recorded</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-gender-age field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-local-jobs-categ field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nonlocal-jobs-category field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">How many people outside the local area are employed</div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--jobs-demographic paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-econ-benefits field--type-list-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs</div> <div class="field__item">Unknown/Not recorded</div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale-of-assess field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale of Assessment</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/255" hreflang="en">Global level</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-nat-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN National Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/419" hreflang="en">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-glob-rl-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">IUCN Global Red List Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">Vulnerable (VU)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-green-stat-categ field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Green Status Global Category</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/420" hreflang="en">Indeterminate</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-yearly-fin-details field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Yearly Financial Flows</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--financial-flow paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-country-reference field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Country reference</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/652" hreflang="en">Global</a></div> </div> Thu, 13 Jan 2022 14:42:39 +0000 Emma_Hemmerle 45 at https://speciesusedatabase.com