Cultural or religious practices

Residential and Commercial Development

CMS listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

In Brazil, it is protected under the Federal Law, which prohibits hunting of any wildlife found in its territory for sale nationally or internationally

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Pollution

Dams and other System Modifications

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Threats include incidental mortality in fishing gear, deliberate killing for fish bait, damming of rivers, and environmental pollution from organochlorines and heavy metals

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Sotalia fluviatilis

Common Name(s)

Tucuxi

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

In Brazil, mainly in north, there is a market for the eyes, teeth, and genital organs of the dolphins, which are used as magical charms. The fat and oil of the skin also are used commercially and in traditional medicine ;

How is the primary use carried out?

Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

The species is used as part of religious and cultural practices, but is also traded commercially for those same purposes.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Brazil

Sub region/state

Para

Site Description

The study was conducted in the City of Belém and in the fishing community of Pesqueiro Beach

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The demand for dolphin products in local markets may impact S. fluviatilis’ populations. However the magnitude of this impact needs to be further investigated and better understood.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Alves, R.R.N., Rosa, I.L. Use of Tucuxi Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis for Medicinal and Magic/Religious Purposes in North of Brazil. Hum Ecol 36, 443–447 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9174-5

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

incidental capture

No assessment recorded

Sustainability not determined

Country reference

Brazil

Harvesting_African Mahogany_Burkina Faso

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 12:53:01 +0000

Harvesting_African Mahogany_Burkina Faso Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:53

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Impact of bark and foliage harvesting on fruit production of the multipurpose tree Afzelia africana in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Afzelia africana is listed as an endangered species on the national red list of Burkina Faso

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Intensive exploitation of this species for timber, used by the international market, is a significant threat. It is also becoming threatened where there is high pressure for fodder, such as in Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon (Gérard and Louppe 2011). Cutting the branches for livestock fodder and debarking for medicinal purposes is uncontrolled in eastern Burkina Faso and this harvesting has negatively affected the population structure and fruit production of this species (Nacoulma et al. 2011, 2017).

In the Northern and West Nile regions of Uganda, this species has declined dramatically in recent years due to harvesting for charcoal and carvings for the tourist market (Kirunda et al. 2016). In the last two years, Uganda has experienced rampant illegal harvest of the species in protected areas and private land mainly for timber export to Asia. This prompted a government ban on the harvest and trade in 2017, though this did not stop the export trade (I. Katwesige pers. comm. 2019). In South Sudan, this species is heavily used and considered threatened (M. Kordofani pers. comm. 2020). General habitat loss such as forest clearance for agriculture is also a threat in parts of this species range (Onana and Cheek 2011).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Afzelia africana

Common Name(s)

African Mahogany

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

bark and foliage harvesting
The bark is harvested and used as an important medicine to treat various diseases, including diar- rhoea, coughs, gastrointestinal disorders, general pain in humans and in veterinary medicine (Arbonnier 2002; Orwa et al. 2009). Afzelia africana is also used for religious purposes (a fetish tree) in many regions and the bark is removed both for medicinal purposes and for sacrifices throughout the year; Being among the most used fodder tree species, Afzelia africana foliage is heavily harvested to feed livestock;

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Burkina Faso

Name

W National Park (WNP)

Site Description

The study was conducted in W National Park (WNP) complex and surrounding areas in Burkina Faso, located in the Sudanian zone between lat. 11° 300 N to 12°220 Nandlong.1°460 Eto2°230 E.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Management

Illegal under national law

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

High harvesting intensity is an unsustainable practice that should be completely prohibited in order to ensure long-term persistence of Afzelia africana. Low harvesting intensity should be allowed, but only on large reproductive individuals.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Nacoulma, B.M.I., Lykke, A.M., Traoré, S. et al. Impact of bark and foliage harvesting on fruit production of the multipurpose tree Afzelia africana in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Agroforest Syst 91, 565–576 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9960-9

Fruit and seed quantity and quality decreased with increasing harvesting intensity. However, no significant differ- ence was detected between trees without and trees under low harvesting. Trees of all size classes under very severe harvesting intensity had no fruits. Under low harvesting impact, large trees had twice as many fruits as the control, whereas fruits were reduced by half to 95 % for the small trees.
Our study highlights that bark and foliage harvest- ing occurring in the Sudanian savanna is detrimental to the performance of Afzelia africana fruit production. Harvesting significantly decreased the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds, which could compromise the chances of natural regeneration of this multiuse tree species in the long-term.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

TheWNP complex includes two protected hunting zones (Tapoa-Djerma and Kombongou) in addition to the national park

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Burkina Faso

Logging_Ramin_Malaysia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 01 Feb 2022 14:20:19 +0000

Logging_Ramin_Malaysia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/01/2022 - 14:20

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus) Harvesting In Malaysia

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Transportation and Service Corridors

Fire

Additional Details (if available)

Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced) and associated threats such as fire, presence of drainage and irrigation canals and long-term intrinsic factors resulting from the alteration of hydrological regimes, etc. Other threats include unsustainable harvesting of its resources and the presence of canals for log transport.

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species is threatened by its historical over-exploitation for timber. Another major threat to the species is habitat loss and decline. This is caused by a variety of reasons in particular the development of oil palm plantations across the region. As previously stated, within Sarawak, over half of Permanent Forest Estates have been cleared and palm oil plantations established (Sabki et al. 2010). Forests are becoming degraded due to logging activity with stretches cleared for timber roads or railroads. In some places, this threat is more acute than others. The degradation of forests has put them at greater risk from fire which generates further risk (UNEP WCMC 2016). Within Indonesia, fire is thought to have significantly contributed to the decline in G. bancanus subpopulations. Habitat change also occurs as a consequence of land drainage and canal establishment within the swamps, in Malaysia (Chua 2010). The species is subject to habitat fragmentation and there is a lack of protected areas within peat swamps forests.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Gonystylus bancanus

Common Name(s)

ramin

melawis

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

stems

How is the primary use carried out?

Logging and/or Wood Harvesting

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

Ramin timber is widely used to make decorative cabinets, furniture, and interior decoration such as wall panelling, light flooring, door and window frames, mouldings, skirtings, ceilings, partitions, stair treads and counter tops. Ramin is also used to make toys, turnery, broom handles, venetian blind slats, dowels, picture frames and drawing boards; s. The resin is used by local communities as incense, while pounded fruits are used to poison fish. A concoction of roots is admi- nistered after childbirth.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Antarctic

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

Major importing countries include the USA, Europe, Japan, Australia and Taiwan.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Source Reference(s)

Chua, L.S.L. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies
WG 1 – Trees: Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus) Harvesting In Malaysia.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Fire

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

Critically Endangered (CR)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Harvesting_Ceratozamia mirandae_Mexico

Emma_Hemmerle — Mon, 31 Jan 2022 13:35:50 +0000

Harvesting_Ceratozamia mirandae_Mexico Emma_Hemmerle Mon, 01/31/2022 - 13:35

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Non detriment Finding Case Study: Cycadales Spp. In Chiapas, Mexico (Ceratozamia Mirandae).

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Common but only within narrow areas of distribution

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Amenazada (A) = threatened in the NOM (Norma Oficial Mexicana).

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Additional Details (if available)

habitat are rapidly being transformed by slash-and-burn agriculture techniques by subsistence farmers. This activity, though of a lesser extent within the Biosphere reserve, is rendering the cycad an endangered species. During the exceptional drought of 1998, forest fires have affected the cycad populations, including the locality studied within the La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve and biodiversity generally throughout the state of Chiapas

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Annual & perennial non-timber crops

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Ceratozamia mirandae

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

The farmer uses the species as an ornamental plant. Sometimes the leaves of C. mirandae are cut to adorn some religious event or festivity in some towns in the Frailesca region.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Antarctic

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Pérez Farrera, M.A. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies
WG 3 – Succulents and Cycads: Cycadales Spp. In Chiapas, Mexico (Ceratozamia Mirandae).

A program of conservation and propagation began through establishment of three nurseries in situ with three communities in the buffer zone in the Sepultura Biosphere Reserve in collaboration with personnel of this reserve, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNI- CACH) and campesinos.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Fire

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Harvesting_Pepper-bark Tree_South Africa

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 26 Jan 2022 09:56:55 +0000

Harvesting_Pepper-bark Tree_South Africa Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 01/26/2022 - 09:56

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 01/26/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

The impact of commercial harvesting on Warburgia salutaris (‘pepper-bark tree’) in Mpumalanga, South Africa

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Formal national protection in place

W. salutaris has been listed as a priority species for improved management and propagation in South Africa;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Residential and Commercial Development

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

There has been some habitat loss due to agricultural activities, expansion of human habitation and logging for firewood and timber. The major direct threat to the species is the exploitation of its bark, stems and roots for use in traditional medicinal practices as a treatment of head and chest ailments and also to cure people who are bewitched. This has led to the near extinction of the species in KwaZulu-Natal, parts of Mpumalanga, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Warburgia salutaris

Common Name(s)

Pepper-bark tree

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

Bark harvesting;

How is the primary use carried out?

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

‘pepper-bark’ (referring to the peppery taste of its bark and leaves), is a popular traditional medicine that is utilised and traded throughout southern Africa (Marshall 1998). The bark, rootbark and leaves have been recorded as being used for over 20 different purposes

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

South Africa

Sub region/state

Mpumalanga

Site Description

Five commercially harvested and 8 protected populations were sampled; Some of the protected populations were located in Limpopo Province (as in Mpumalanga, a single protected population of the tree was identified).

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Commercially harvested populations should be better managed through improved harvesting techniques and monitoring. Cultivation levels urgently need to be increased.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Botha, J., Witkowski, E. & Shackleton, C. The impact of commercial harvesting on Warburgia salutaris (‘pepper-bark tree’) in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 13, 1675–1698 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000029333.72945.b0

The basal diameters and heights of stems in commercially harvested populations were significantly lower than those of the protected populations; In this study, 75% of heavily harvested stems (>10% of the stem below 2 m) coppiced (resprouted). However, individuals that had been affected by regular fires, or repeatedly harvested, appeared prone to a fungal disease and had a high percentage mortality.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Sustainability not determined

Country reference

South Africa

Harvesting_Laelia furfuracea_Mexico

Emma_Hemmerle — Mon, 24 Jan 2022 09:13:23 +0000

Harvesting_Laelia furfuracea_Mexico Emma_Hemmerle Mon, 01/24/2022 - 09:13

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Mon, 01/24/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Wild species sourced from the wild but reared/cultivated in a managed site (e.g., cultivated wild specimens, eggs/juveniles from the wild)

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Sustainable harvesting and conservation of Laelia furfuracea, a rare epiphytic orchid from Oaxaca, Mexico

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Common but only within narrow areas of distribution

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Laelia furfuracea

Common Name(s)

lirio morado

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

severing the flowering pseudobulb is the traditional technique frequently used by collectors at the study area. local people cut flowering pseudobulbs in half, removing the inflorescence, and leaving the rest of the plant behind. In the latter case, the two meristems located at the base of the pseudobulb are left intact, which allows the development of a new pseudobulb from which a new inflorescence may eventually grow

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

Laelia furfuracea's inflorescences are used as ornaments during the December festivities.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

7834.00

Units Of Measurement

items of the plant (whole plants, plant fragments, or inflorescences) being traded from Oaxaca

Time period over which this has been recorded

between October 2011 and January 2012

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Mesoamerica

Country

Mexico

Sub region/state

Oaxaca

Name

municipality of Santo Domingo Yanhuitlán, Nochixtlán district

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

plants are intensively extracted from their habitat and traded mostly in local traditional markets.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Inflorescence collection did not affect the production of new pseudobulbs the following season. However, it affected the size of these pseudobulbs, as well as their flowering probability. We conclude that harvesting of flowering pseudobulbs may be sustainable in terms of its effects on plant performance, at least in the short term.
Traditional harvest methods for L. furfuracea include the removal of flowering pseudobulbs. Those inflorescences are obviously prevented from making a contribution to the next seedling generation, either through the distribution of their pollen, or through seed production (pollen is ripe at the time of anthesis, but inflorescences are generally harvested just before anthesis). However, the plants they were harvested from are left behind and their survival is not affected; there is no evidence that harvest reduces the ability of the plant to produce new pseudobulbs, at least in the short term;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Octavio Orozco‐Ibarrola, O. Orozco‐Ibarrola, Rodolfo Solano, R. Solano, & Teresa Valverde, T. Valverde. (2021). Sustainable harvesting and conservation of Laelia furfuracea, a rare epiphytic orchid from Oaxaca, Mexico. Biotropica, 53, 142-151. doi: 10.1111/btp.12854

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

Unknown/not recorded

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Country reference

Mexico

Harvesting_Peyote_United States

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 15:53:59 +0000

Harvesting_Peyote_United States Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 15:53

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

LIMITATIONS TO NATURAL PRODUCTION OF LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII (CACTACEAE) III. EFFECTS OF REPEATED HARVESTING AT TWO-YEAR INTERVALS FOR SIX YEARS IN A SOUTH TEXAS (U.S.A.) POPULATION

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Illegal collecting and land use change affect several sub-populations. Commercial harvesting by religious groups in the U.S has drastically decimated sub-populations and the plant has become less available through time because often the whole plant rather than the edible part is removed. In addition harvesting is excessive (Terry et al. 2011). Land use change for agriculture is a significant threat, as the land is completely ploughed, thus eliminating all vegetation including L. williamsii and its seed bank.
The plant is used to make ointments which are produce at a large scale and are widely available in Mexico, studies on the composition and pharmacology of such ointments are under-way (M. Terry pers. comm. 2013).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Lophophora williamsii

Common Name(s)

Peyote

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

Harvesting was performed using the best known technique: removing only the crown from the top of the plant

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Cultural/spiritual

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Time period over which this has been recorded

2008 to 2014

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

persons who harvest peyote for legally protected religious use by members of the Native American Church;

Geographic Location

North America

Country

United States of America

Sub region/state

Texas

Name

Tamaulipan thornscrub

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

The harvested crowns of peyote are collected and sold by licensed distributors to the Native American Church (NAC) for religious use as protected by U.S. law.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

At the end of the 6th year of the study, average volume of living crown tissue per plant was significantly and substantially lower in the plants harvested every two years than in the once-harvested plants and the unharvested controls. The average volume of once-harvested plants was 27% lower than that of the controls, although this latter difference was not statistically significant. The modal number of crowns per plant varied with treatment and over time; in the plants harvested every two years it underwent a progression from 1 to 2 to 3 to 1 in response to successive harvests. The results of this study indicate that a six-year recovery period, following the harvesting of peyote in natural habitats, is probably not long enough to ensure long-term sustainability.
It is now abundantly clear that the current rate of harvesting of peyote from wild populations is not sustainable; six years is not long enough to wait after a population of peyote is harvested before going back and re-harvesting the population, if the goal is a sustainable regimen of harvesting.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Terry, M., Trout, K., Williams, B., Herrera, T., & Fowler, N. (2014). LIMITATIONS TO NATURAL PRODUCTION OF <em>LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII</em> (CACTACEAE) III. EFFECTS OF REPEATED HARVESTING AT TWO-YEAR INTERVALS FOR SIX YEARS IN A SOUTH TEXAS (U.S.A.) POPULATION. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 8(2), 541–550. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26549404

During the fifth and sixth years of this ongoing experimental study of a peyote population, we saw few changes in the behavior of never-harvested (control) plants. Once-harvested plants continued to recover from harvesting, but plants harvested every two years continued to experience lowered survival rates, and showed a reduced capacity to produce new crowns;

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

Sustainability not determined

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

United States of America

Harvesting_Indian Valerian_Nepal

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 14:02:44 +0000

Harvesting_Indian Valerian_Nepal Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 14:02

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Production, distribution, use and trade of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Nepal

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Government of Nepal has enlisted the species as one of the 30 prioritized non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for research, development and commercial cultivation;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Additional Details (if available)

overexploitation of the resource base has accelerated because of unregulated harvestings from the wild; Furthermore, increasing human pressures and herbal market, coupled with climate change, have decimated the population and distribution of medicinal plants for the last couple of decades;

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Valeriana jatamansi

Common Name(s)

Indian Valerian

Sugandhawal

Tagar-Ganthoda

Muskroot

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

traditional medicinal plant, folkloric in Nepal for epilepsy, cholera and neurosis and is used as analgesic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant and sedative
the use reports of V. jatamansi from 47 districts for the following four categories: herbal remedy, subsistence use (livelihood), household economy and religious/ritual (cultural). It has high level of prominence (RIL) for subsistence use (tea, incense, nutrition, insect repellant) (0.17) and household economy (0.18) followed by traditional medicine (0.09), and ritual/religious use (0.09)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Decreasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

Large quantity of unprocessed air-dried rhizomes of V. jatamansi is illegally exported to India;

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

Because of Nepal’s highly porous borders (with India towards south and China towards north), most of the products were channeled through illegally ; Although, local harvester can extract only up to 80% of the rhizome of matured plants guided by conservation protocols (ANSAB, 2010; GoN, 2012), they usually uproot and collect all what they find in the forests.

Geographic Location

West and Central Asia

Country

Nepal

Site Description

Nepal lies along the slopes of the Himalayan Mountain between China and India between 80◦ 04’–88◦ 12’ E and 26◦ 22’ - 30◦ 27’ N.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

it is being harvested and traded without considering its sustainability; Being a highly useful plant, it is one of the over exploited species in Nepal; over-exploitation of the resource base has accelerated because of unregulated harvesting from the wild;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

It serves as a promising source for household economy, primary healthcare and herbal market and remedies

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Charmakar, S., Kunwar, R., Sharma, H., Rimal, B., Baral, S., & Joshi, N. et al. (2021). Production, distribution, use and trade of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Nepal. Global Ecology And Conservation, 30, e01792. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01792

wild stocks are locally declining;

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Climate Change

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Nepal

Harvesting_Lansan Tree_Santa Lucia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 18 Jan 2022 17:12:23 +0000

Harvesting_Lansan Tree_Santa Lucia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 01/18/2022 - 17:12

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 01/18/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Making business scents: how to harvest incense sustainably from the globally threatened lansan tree Protium attenuatum

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Formal national protection in place

A national management plan has been devised whereby tap- pers will be licensed and trained in the optimal method and granted their own forest coupes to manage under Forestry Department supervision.

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Climate Change

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Unsustainable extraction of lansan resin for domestic use and trade is inferred to have been an historical cause of decline in all range states and continues to be a significant threat. On Saint Lucia, higher rates of tree mortalities and poorer regeneration of Protium attenuatum have been reported in heavily exploited areas (Toussaint, 2009), with evidence of disease spreading from tapped to non-tapped trees (Daltry et al. 2015). Habitat loss has been, and continues to be, a threat in some range states.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Protium attenuatum

Common Name(s)

Lansan Tree

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

the white exudate is obtained by slashing the bark, and coagulates and hardens before being scraped off with a knife approximately 2 weeks later; Tappers use a variety of cutting tools and techniques, and each tree may be visited and cut multiple times by different tappers,

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

harvesting of the valuable oleo-resin, which is used as incense.
Dried lansan is burned as incense at religious ceremonies, to treat various ailments (e.g. sinus congestion and arthritis), as a mosquito repellent, and to ward off evil spirits;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Caribbean Islands

Country

Santa Lucia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

In Saint Lucia, lansan is bought by at least 60% of Saint Lucians and by almost every church; it is also exported over- seas

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is improving the status (e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

traditional methods used by local tappers were destructive, causing greater decay and infection, slower growth rates and increased mortality. Lansan trees are still abundant in Saint Lucia’s rainforests but face increasing pressure from uncontrolled extraction of their aromatic oleoresin

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

traditional methods used by local tappers were destructive, causing greater decay and infection, slower growth rates and increased mortality.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Daltry, J., Prospere, A., Toussaint, A., Gengelbach, J., & Morton, M. (2015). Making business scents: How to harvest incense sustainably from the globally threatened lansan tree Protium attenuatum. Oryx, 49(3), 431-441. doi:10.1017/S003060531400115X

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Santa Lucia

Harvesting_African Sandalwood_Kenya

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 07 Jan 2022 11:26:20 +0000

Harvesting_African Sandalwood_Kenya Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/07/2022 - 11:26

Tue, 01/01/2019 - 12:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/07/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Socio – Economic Benefits and the Associated Environmental Degradation Effects of Osyris lanceolata (Hochst & Steudel) Utilization in Kitui County, Kenya

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Osyris lanceolata

Common Name(s)

African Sandalwood

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

O. lanceolata is harvested in the wild by uprooting the whole tree including its roots because the essential oil concentration is higher in the roots than the trunk. It is reported that the harvesting methods used are highly destructive since the whole plant needs to be uprooted to get the roots, leading to a serious depletion of its populations. Majority of the respondents 64% reported that it was a taboo to use O. lanceolata for firewood against 36% who reported otherwise.

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Additional Details (if available)

The main purpose of harvesting O. lanceolata was mainly for commercial use (44.2%), with little use for domestic purposes (16.7%).

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

In Kitui County, incidences of illegal poaching of O. lanceolata have been reported for the last three years due to the demand of the plant as raw material for the manufacturing companies.

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Kenya

Sub region/state

Kitui County

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

National / local private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Yes, negative (e.g., it destroys/ degrades it due to over-use)

Yes, considered unsustainable

Additional Details (if available)

Majority of the respondents (55%) reported that the major environmental degradation consequences caused by over – exploitation of O. lanceolata plant materials was increased soil erosion. This was followed by the drop in crop production (29.2%), lack of fodder for livestock (8.3%) and diminishing of water resources (7.5%)
During the study, it was found that the main environmental degradation effect associated with unsustainable harvesting of O. lanceolata was degradation of water catchment areas. This in turn has caused increased surface run – off, flash flooding, reduced infiltration and increased soil erosion and siltation of the existing water harvesting structures. This was confirmed by Kieti et al, (2016) who reported that once watershed and catchment ecosystems are interfered with, they cease to supply essential ecological goods and services.

Details of assessment carried out

The study concluded that socio-economic benefits associated with O. lanceolata are contributing to its over-exploitation from the wild, thus calling for multi- faceted interventions to minimize loss of this invaluable plant species from the wild.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

The East African sandalwood is among the sandalwoods known for producing fragrance-scented wood and a world-famous essential oil used in various cosmetics and fragrance industries and has gained popularity also in medicine industries

Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Details of assessment

many socio-economic impacts provided to local communities, especially in the form of income. The major beneficiaries in the entire value chain were the manufacturers, middlemen and traders.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Mutisya, M., Mwinzi, M., & Patrick, K. (2022). Socio – Economic Benefits and the Associated Environmental Degradation Effects of Osyris lanceolata (Hochst & Steudel) Utilization in Kitui County, Kenya.

Who is involved in the use?

Men

Women

Additional details of specific groups

More males were aware and involved in O. lanceolata utilization than females

How are local community members involved?

The major beneficiaries of O. lanceolata business were the manufacturers (45%) followed by the middlemen (30%). The local harvesters only benefited by 17.5% while the transporters benefited by 5.8% (Figure 4).

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category