Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

CMS listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Zanthoxylum chalybeum

Common Name(s)

Zanthoxylum chalybeum

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

The most used plant parts for medicinal purposes were reported to be the roots and the stem bark (90.3% and 81.6%, respectively), possibly suggesting mortality caused by heavy harvesting.
Respondents also mentioned other uses of the Z. chalybeum plant to be as beverage (porridge and tea) spice (83.5%), ruminant fodder
(especially seeds) (58%), for Boma fencing (30%), and as firewood (11.6%).

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Additional Details (if available)

Zanthoxylum chalybeum is an important medicinal plant for malaria treatment, fever, cough, headaches, chest pain, digestive disorders (e.g., ulcers), some problems associated with the female reproductive system, diabetes, and toothache; Moreover, according to [12], the tree species is of economic importance to most of the rural communities who have inadequate livelihood resources. The plant leaves have been processed to make vegetables in powder form and sold in the market at TZS 2000 (USD 1.5) for 500 g and thus provide income.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Energy/Fuel

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Country

Tanzania

Sub region/state

Manyara Region

Name

Simanjiro District

Site Description

The district lies between 3◦52′ and 4◦24′ South and 36◦05′ and 36◦39′ East

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The harvesting methods of this species are considered to be unsustainable; Z. chalybeum is under the threat of unsustainability since roots and barks are the main plant parts harvested.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Mbinile, S. D., Munishi, L. K., Ngondya, I. B., & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2020). Conservation and Management Challenges Facing a Medicinal Plant Zanthoxylum chalybeum in Simanjiro Area, Northern Tanzania. Sustainability, 12(10), 4140. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104140

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Land Use Change

Fire

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Tanzania

Harvesting_Lebombo Ironwood_South Africa

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 14:26:20 +0000

Harvesting_Lebombo Ironwood_South Africa Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 14:26

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Impact of Ethnobotanical Utilization on the Population Structure of Androstachys Johnsonii Prain. in the Vhembe Area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Logging and/or Wood Harvesting

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species has been heavily exploited for timber where it occurs, for example in Mozambique it was one of the most exploited timber species in 2005, and this is exacerbated by it being a slow-growing tree. It suffers from deforestation, such as in the Baixo Pinda Forest Reserve and to a lesser extent in Matibane Forest Reserve, which have been subject to clearance for agriculture (Lemmens et al. 2012, J. Timberlake pers. comm. 2019). In Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, Androstachys johnsonii are declining from high population densities of African elephants and high fire frequencies causing a shift from savanna woodland to scrubland or grassland

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Androstachys johnsonii

Common Name(s)

Lebombo Ironwood

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

different parts of A. johnsonii such as stem, leaves, roots and bark are used for various purposes by villagers of Matshena village

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Additional Details (if available)

this species is mostly used for fencing, roofing, pillar construction, and as firewood. Additional ethnobotanical uses include fodder for goats and cattle and medicinal purposes;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Country

South Africa

Sub region/state

Limpopo Province

Name

Mathena village

Site Description

Matshena village is situated in the Mutale Local Municipality of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

it is clear that A. johnsonii is in dire need of formal (legislative) and traditional (tribal) protection if the population is to be managed in a sustainable manner for the preservation of future generations.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Mokou BM, Jordaan JJ, Mafeo TP, et al. (2017) Impact of Ethnobotanical Utilization on the Population Structure of Androstachys Johnsonii Prain. in the Vhembe Area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Insights For Res 1(1):50-56.

The negative response of trees through defoliated crowns is an indication of unfavourable conditions for their growth and development.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

South Africa

Fishing_Tucuxi_Brazil

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 13:51:52 +0000

Fishing_Tucuxi_Brazil Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 13:51

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Use of Tucuxi Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis for Medicinal and Magic/Religious Purposes in North of Brazil

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

Residential and Commercial Development

CMS listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

In Brazil, it is protected under the Federal Law, which prohibits hunting of any wildlife found in its territory for sale nationally or internationally

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Pollution

Dams and other System Modifications

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Threats include incidental mortality in fishing gear, deliberate killing for fish bait, damming of rivers, and environmental pollution from organochlorines and heavy metals

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Sotalia fluviatilis

Common Name(s)

Tucuxi

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

In Brazil, mainly in north, there is a market for the eyes, teeth, and genital organs of the dolphins, which are used as magical charms. The fat and oil of the skin also are used commercially and in traditional medicine ;

How is the primary use carried out?

Targeted fishing harvesting/exploiting or collecting wild aquatic resources

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

The species is used as part of religious and cultural practices, but is also traded commercially for those same purposes.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Cultural or religious practices

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Brazil

Sub region/state

Para

Site Description

The study was conducted in the City of Belém and in the fishing community of Pesqueiro Beach

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The demand for dolphin products in local markets may impact S. fluviatilis’ populations. However the magnitude of this impact needs to be further investigated and better understood.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Alves, R.R.N., Rosa, I.L. Use of Tucuxi Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis for Medicinal and Magic/Religious Purposes in North of Brazil. Hum Ecol 36, 443–447 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9174-5

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Endangered (EN)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

incidental capture

No assessment recorded

Sustainability not determined

Country reference

Brazil

Harvesting_African Mahogany_Burkina Faso

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 12:53:01 +0000

Harvesting_African Mahogany_Burkina Faso Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:53

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Impact of bark and foliage harvesting on fruit production of the multipurpose tree Afzelia africana in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Afzelia africana is listed as an endangered species on the national red list of Burkina Faso

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Intensive exploitation of this species for timber, used by the international market, is a significant threat. It is also becoming threatened where there is high pressure for fodder, such as in Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon (Gérard and Louppe 2011). Cutting the branches for livestock fodder and debarking for medicinal purposes is uncontrolled in eastern Burkina Faso and this harvesting has negatively affected the population structure and fruit production of this species (Nacoulma et al. 2011, 2017).

In the Northern and West Nile regions of Uganda, this species has declined dramatically in recent years due to harvesting for charcoal and carvings for the tourist market (Kirunda et al. 2016). In the last two years, Uganda has experienced rampant illegal harvest of the species in protected areas and private land mainly for timber export to Asia. This prompted a government ban on the harvest and trade in 2017, though this did not stop the export trade (I. Katwesige pers. comm. 2019). In South Sudan, this species is heavily used and considered threatened (M. Kordofani pers. comm. 2020). General habitat loss such as forest clearance for agriculture is also a threat in parts of this species range (Onana and Cheek 2011).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Afzelia africana

Common Name(s)

African Mahogany

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

bark and foliage harvesting
The bark is harvested and used as an important medicine to treat various diseases, including diar- rhoea, coughs, gastrointestinal disorders, general pain in humans and in veterinary medicine (Arbonnier 2002; Orwa et al. 2009). Afzelia africana is also used for religious purposes (a fetish tree) in many regions and the bark is removed both for medicinal purposes and for sacrifices throughout the year; Being among the most used fodder tree species, Afzelia africana foliage is heavily harvested to feed livestock;

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Cultural or religious practices

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Country

Burkina Faso

Name

W National Park (WNP)

Site Description

The study was conducted in W National Park (WNP) complex and surrounding areas in Burkina Faso, located in the Sudanian zone between lat. 11° 300 N to 12°220 Nandlong.1°460 Eto2°230 E.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Management

Illegal under national law

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

High harvesting intensity is an unsustainable practice that should be completely prohibited in order to ensure long-term persistence of Afzelia africana. Low harvesting intensity should be allowed, but only on large reproductive individuals.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Nacoulma, B.M.I., Lykke, A.M., Traoré, S. et al. Impact of bark and foliage harvesting on fruit production of the multipurpose tree Afzelia africana in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Agroforest Syst 91, 565–576 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9960-9

Fruit and seed quantity and quality decreased with increasing harvesting intensity. However, no significant differ- ence was detected between trees without and trees under low harvesting. Trees of all size classes under very severe harvesting intensity had no fruits. Under low harvesting impact, large trees had twice as many fruits as the control, whereas fruits were reduced by half to 95 % for the small trees.
Our study highlights that bark and foliage harvest- ing occurring in the Sudanian savanna is detrimental to the performance of Afzelia africana fruit production. Harvesting significantly decreased the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds, which could compromise the chances of natural regeneration of this multiuse tree species in the long-term.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

TheWNP complex includes two protected hunting zones (Tapoa-Djerma and Kombongou) in addition to the national park

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Burkina Faso

Harvesting_African Baobab_Botswana

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 16:45:32 +0000

Harvesting_African Baobab_Botswana Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/09/2022 - 16:45

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Testing the Baobab’s Mettle: An Evaluation of the Sustainability and Economic Potential of Harvesting Adansonia digitata

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Adansonia digitata

Common Name(s)

African Boabab

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

The shells of the fruit are used to make bowls, cups, and jars.
Fruit is harvested for human consumption; young leaves are eaten as a spinach, and the seeds can be eaten as a snack either raw or roasted. The roots, when boiled, produce a red-purple dye that is suitable for dying fabric. Bark is harvested for traditional medicine purposes. Both bark and roots are harvested using axes. They are simply chopped off haphazardly when being used for traditional medicine purposes, whereas when the bark is to be used for rope or crafts a rectangular strip of bark is usually removed, sometimes spanning the entire circumference of the tree (ringbarking).

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

the role it plays in the day-to-day lives of the people who live around it, through its usefulness as a source of food, medicine, and crafts.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

39.00

Units Of Measurement

Number of mature fruit-bearing trees accessible in the village

Time period over which this has been recorded

2009

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Country

Botswana

Sub region/state

Central District

Name

Getwa

Site Description

Gweta, population roughly 5000, is situated on the northern outskirts of the Makgadikgadi pans in the country’s Central District and is one of the main entry points for tourists visiting the pans.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a negative effect (e.g., prey depletion, stress, disrupted breeding, movement, sleeping, feeding patterns)

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

At the moment, buffalo weavers are threatened by branch loss, which can and does cause their nests to drop from the trees.

Details of assessment carried out

Results suggest that baobab harvesting in its current form is detrimental to the trees’ health and may not be sustainable in the long term;
harvesting practices at present are causing damage to the trees and will result in diminishing returns to the village over time, especially where fruit is concerned. At the moment, fruit yields are almost certainly declining as a result of human exploitation. In the face of a growing human population, pressure on the trees will increase, and as a result the benefits they provide to the community will gradually wither away. If pushed farther, even the trees themselves could begin to be killed as has happened with fungus-infected baobabs in Namibia;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

pulp contains six times the vitamin C of an orange, more calcium than milk, numerous antioxidants, and a high concentration of vitamin A. The leaves are also high in vitamin A, can be eaten as a green, and are used medicinally to treat fevers and diarrhoea.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Support from NGOs

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Rhodes, Benjamin, "Testing the Baobab’s Mettle: An Evaluation of the Sustainability and Economic Potential of Harvesting Adansonia digitata" (2009). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 727.
https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/727

Results suggest that baobab harvesting in its current form is detrimental to the trees’ health and may not be sustainable in the long term; Human usage was linked to increased branch loss and to the severity of infection by rot fungi.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Botswana

Harvesting_Lion_Africa

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 08 Feb 2022 15:08:19 +0000

Harvesting_Lion_Africa Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/08/2022 - 15:08

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Wild species sourced from the wild but reared/cultivated in a managed site (e.g., cultivated wild specimens, eggs/juveniles from the wild)

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East-Southeast Asia

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CMS listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Residential and Commercial Development

Pollution

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The main threats to Lions are indiscriminate killing (primarily as a result of retaliatory or pre-emptive killing to protect human life and livestock) and prey base depletion. Habitat loss and conversion has led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated (Bauer et al. 2008). Furthermore, trophy hunting has a net positive impact in a some areas, but may have at times contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe (Packer et al. 2009, 2011, 2013), Cameroon (Croes et al. 2011) and Zambia (Rosenblatt et al. 2014).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Panthera leo

Common Name(s)

Lion

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

bones

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies

Amount

1312.00

Units Of Measurement

CITES permits issued to export bones

Time period over which this has been recorded

2013- 2015

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

South Africa was the only legal exporter of bones to Asia until 2013 when Namibia issued permits to export skeletons to Vietnam.

Geographic Location

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

First, the legal but rapacious E-SEA trade, derived annually from hundreds of captive-bred South African lions and a limited number of wild-origin ones from other African countries (the latter amounting to 0.9% of the total quantity listed on issued CITES permits to 2015, all from Namibia, Table 1). Second, the same trade to E-SEA, but conducted illegally (e.g. no permits, or sourced by poaching) (not quantified here). And third, the relatively more widespread but comparatively modest, but no less threatening, pan-African utilization of bones that is mostly for ‘traditional’ purposes and is typically sourced outside South Africa from wild lion populations killed in human-lion conflicts (‘problem lions’) and poaching [8], or in South Africa from poaching of captive-bred lions or sales from captive-facilities to traditional medicine (‘muti’) traders

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

No – no clear evidence of the impact of use compared to other factors influencing

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

there is minimal evidence to suggest that the East-Southeast Asian bone trade is presently adversely affecting wild lions in protected areas in South Africa, the extent of this specific trade in other lion range states still requires urgent pro- active monitoring and evaluation to substantiate and clarify these impacts and also those resulting from the trade in lion body parts for other purposes.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Williams VL, Loveridge AJ, Newton DJ, Macdonald DW (2017) A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East- Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185996

Who is involved in the use?

Regional/Continental/Multi-country level

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Human Intrusions and disturbances

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Harvesting_Bushman's hat_South Africa

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 01 Feb 2022 17:07:52 +0000

Harvesting_Bushman's hat_South Africa Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/01/2022 - 17:07

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Use of Hoodia gordonii in South Africa.

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Formal national protection in place

The species is nationally listed as protected under NEM:BA (National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act No. 10 of 2004, TOPs Regulations of 2007).

Hoodia is protected in five on the nine Provinces in South Africa, namely the Western Cape, Free State, North West, Northern Cape and Kwazulu Natal Provinces.

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Additional Details (if available)

Habitat loss/degradation (human induced), invasive alien species (directly affecting the species), harvesting (illegal gathering), accidental mortality (e.g. bycatch), natural die-back and climatic events appear to be important threats.
Of all the threats listed, illegal gathering is regarded the most impor- tant, followed by agricultural activities.

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Formal sub-national protection in place

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Hoodia gordonii

Common Name(s)

Bushman's hat

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Details of parts/products taken

No harvesting prescripts are given to cultivated material collection as they mostly harvest the entire plant anyway.

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

Traditionally it was used by the San while hunting to suppress appetite, thirst and to maintain their energy levels. They ate portions of the fresh stems of about 180-250g per day. The commercial uses are similar, with dieting and energy boosting (cyclists) being the major consumer markets (300-400mg per day, three times per day). Interestingly, the Patent actually includes anti-diabetic and prevention of aspirin induced gastric damage characteristics.
Limited cultural and traditional use still continuous today.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

From 2005 until March 2008 a total of 15.7 tonnes of dry illegal mate- rial have been confiscated. Anecdotal data indicate that it could be more (more than 41 tonnes dry weight), but it is unconfirmed. It is suggested that only 10-15% of illegal trade is reported and/or caught. Legal harvesting peaked in 2007 at 45-50 tonnes of dry material being collected (2005 until March 2008 adds to 70-75 tonnes dry weight). (Exports and CITES records are being double checked).

Geographic Location

Country

South Africa

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

Most exports from the Northern Cape were to the UK (Phytopharm) and the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Others include the USA, US Texas and North America.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Legal wild harvesting appears not to be a local threat at this stage as harvested sites have not died-back, and harvested plants are sprouting again.
Lack of cooperation between provinces prevents proper management and monitoring of material/permits, enabling illegal trade via ‘less- strict’ provinces.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Support from Government

Present

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Present

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Swart, E. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 3 – Succulents and Cycads: Use of Hoodia gordonii in South Africa.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Disease

Invasive Species

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

Sustainability not determined

Country reference

South Africa

Harvesting_Holywood Lignum Vitae_Mexico

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 01 Feb 2022 14:44:54 +0000

Harvesting_Holywood Lignum Vitae_Mexico Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/01/2022 - 14:44

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 1 – Trees: Non-detriment Findings Report On Guaiacum Sanctum In Mexico

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Formal national protection in place

G. sanctum has been considered a threatened species in Mexico since 1994 (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001), specifically in the “Species under special protection” category.

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Residential and Commercial Development

Additional Details (if available)

The main threats for Guaiacum sanctum in Mexico are HABITAT LOSS/DEGRADATION OF HABITAT provoked by human activities, espe- cially the conversion from forest to agriculture-pasture lands and human settlements. OVERHARVESTING of Guaiacum sanctum has reduced its abundan- ce in some areas, but currently does not represent a threatening factor. Local use of the species is present in some communities, but at very low levels and we do not consider this a threat for the long-term per- sistence of the species

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

In Central America and Florida remaining populations are threatened with habitat loss or exploitation, e.g., in Guancaste in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Florida Keys. As with G. officinale, both the timber and medicinal resin are of commercial use and have been traded for several centuries. Tropical semi-deciduous and dry forests, which represent the main habitats of Guaiacum sanctum are among the most threatened ecosystems in the Americas and globally (Miles et al. 2006). Habitat loss of G. sanctum is mainly due to deforestation associated with increasing human populations, conversion of forest to human-managed areas, and increasing fragmentation of the remaining forest area (López‐Toledo et al. 2011, Miles et al. 2006). For Mexico, analyses of the geographic distribution suggested that their habitat is highly fragmented. It is likely that small, isolated populations close to the margins of the species’ distributions are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the negative demographic and genetic effects of forest fragmentation. Although, it still exists an international trade, this has diminished noticeably. At the moment, Mexico is the only exporter of Guaiacum sanctum timber and it is only logged at Campeche state in the Yucatan Peninsula at two localities. These two forest communities fulfill with CITES requirements. The species is used locally for timber but at low levels and this is not a long term threat to the species (López-Toledo et al. 2008). The illegal trade of this species is also rare, with only a small amount being confiscated from Yucatan in 2008. Hence, logging and over harvesting is currently considered a low threat to the species.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Guaiacum sanctum

Common Name(s)

Holywood Lignum Vitae

guayacan

palo santo

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

Generally, only the main log of a given tree (4-5 m) is extracted, leaving the rest of the stem and branches in the forest as these are not useful to the timber industry.

How is the primary use carried out?

Logging and/or Wood Harvesting

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

G. sanctum has historically been heavily exploited for its medicinal properties, especially for the treatment of syphilis and arthritis; It was also used as a laxative, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Currently the more important trade is for timber products. The high density and resin content of the wood confer auto-lubricating properties that make it suitable for the ship-building industry

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Decreasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

In general, illegal logging for commercial pur- poses is rare, but its effects cannot be discounted. For example, in September 2008 a small amount of G. sanctum timber was confiscated in a small community of Yucatan, near Merida (Dzitia), because of lack of authorization for harvesting.
Although there are no estimates of the extent of illegal logging for inter- national trade, it is likely to be very low or non-existent given the reduction of G. sanctum’s use

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Mexico

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is improving the status (e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

This study found that logging reduced stem den- sity and residual tree basal area at a local scale, but our study suggests that harvesting of G. sanctum had only minor short-term effects on the dynamics and regeneration of the tree community. Guaiacum sanctum seedling abundance and rates of growth, mortality and recruitment were sensitive to the effects of harvesting, but the demo- graphic attributes of adults were unaffected by logging.

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

López-Toledo, L., Burslem, D., Martínez-Ramos, M., García-Naranjo, A. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies WG 1 – Trees: Non-detriment Findings Report On Guaiacum Sanctum In Mexico

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Near Threatened (NT)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Mexico

Logging_Ramin_Malaysia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 01 Feb 2022 14:20:19 +0000

Logging_Ramin_Malaysia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/01/2022 - 14:20

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Entire value chain

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus) Harvesting In Malaysia

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Transportation and Service Corridors

Fire

Additional Details (if available)

Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced) and associated threats such as fire, presence of drainage and irrigation canals and long-term intrinsic factors resulting from the alteration of hydrological regimes, etc. Other threats include unsustainable harvesting of its resources and the presence of canals for log transport.

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species is threatened by its historical over-exploitation for timber. Another major threat to the species is habitat loss and decline. This is caused by a variety of reasons in particular the development of oil palm plantations across the region. As previously stated, within Sarawak, over half of Permanent Forest Estates have been cleared and palm oil plantations established (Sabki et al. 2010). Forests are becoming degraded due to logging activity with stretches cleared for timber roads or railroads. In some places, this threat is more acute than others. The degradation of forests has put them at greater risk from fire which generates further risk (UNEP WCMC 2016). Within Indonesia, fire is thought to have significantly contributed to the decline in G. bancanus subpopulations. Habitat change also occurs as a consequence of land drainage and canal establishment within the swamps, in Malaysia (Chua 2010). The species is subject to habitat fragmentation and there is a lack of protected areas within peat swamps forests.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Gonystylus bancanus

Common Name(s)

ramin

melawis

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

stems

How is the primary use carried out?

Logging and/or Wood Harvesting

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

Ramin timber is widely used to make decorative cabinets, furniture, and interior decoration such as wall panelling, light flooring, door and window frames, mouldings, skirtings, ceilings, partitions, stair treads and counter tops. Ramin is also used to make toys, turnery, broom handles, venetian blind slats, dowels, picture frames and drawing boards; s. The resin is used by local communities as incense, while pounded fruits are used to poison fish. A concoction of roots is admi- nistered after childbirth.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Cultural or religious practices

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Antarctic

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

Major importing countries include the USA, Europe, Japan, Australia and Taiwan.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Source Reference(s)

Chua, L.S.L. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies
WG 1 – Trees: Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus) Harvesting In Malaysia.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Fire

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

Critically Endangered (CR)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Harvesting_golden chicken fern_China

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 01 Feb 2022 08:28:11 +0000

Harvesting_golden chicken fern_China Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/01/2022 - 08:28

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/01/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

CITES NDF for Cibotium barometz In China

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Cibotium barometz

Common Name(s)

barometz

golden chicken fern

wooly fern

Jinmao Gou

Jinmao Gouji

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

It is believed that this plant replenishes liver and kidney, strengthens bones and muscles, expels and eases the joint and for deficiency of liver and kidney manifested as chronic rheumatism, backache, flaccidity and immovability of lower extremities, and frequent enuresis (Yao 1996, Ou 1992). Hairs on the rhizome of this plant have long been used as a styptic for bleeding wounds in China and Malaysia (Holttum 1963)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

Only the populations outside nature reserves can be collected according to regulations of local governments and forest offices. So far, no illegal trade has been found.

Geographic Location

Antarctic

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

The dry sliced rhizomes of Cibotium called “Gouji” mainly enter the domestic markets for trade, and the largest consumers are factories for producing pills of “Zhuangyao Bushen Wan”, a medicine which is helpful to maintaining the function of kidney. In addition to the above-mentioned markets, some “Gouji” is used by individuals and for export. The main import countries and regions include South Korea, the United States, Hong Kong, and Canada.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

NDF Finding: The export quota of 130 tons per year is reasonable. In future, export of final products rather than raw materials should be encouraged.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Zhang, X., Jia, J. Zhang, G. (n.d.) NDF Workshop Case Studies
WG 2 – Perennials: NDF for Cibotium barometz In China.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category