Collecting or harvesting parts or products from wild animals (e.g., eggs, wild honey, vicuna fibre)

Breeding_Swiflets_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 19 Jan 2022 11:54:54 +0000

Breeding_Swiflets_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 01/19/2022 - 11:54

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 01/19/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in significantly modified habitat (e.g., oil palm plantations, rice paddies)

Wild species sourced from the wild but reared/cultivated in a managed site (e.g., cultivated wild specimens, eggs/juveniles from the wild)

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Swiftlet farming in Indonesia: opportunity, challenge, and sustainability;

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Aerodramus fuciphagus

Common Name(s)

Edible Nest Swiftlet

white-nest swiftlet

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

nests

How is the primary use carried out?

Collecting or harvesting parts or products from wild animals (e.g., eggs, wild honey, vicuna fibre)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

The production of white nests from natural caves has been greatly decreased and many caves have not produced nest anymore due to overharvesting. Thus - in general - the harvest management of cave swiftlets is considered unsustainable. Globally, there is a trend of the increase production of the swiftlet nests, following the booming of swiftlet houses in several other countries in Southeast Asia. There has been some concern that the price of the swiftlet nests could be decreasing in the international market.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

Indonesia has been known to be the biggest producer of the swiftlet nests (50-60% of the world’s market share); As the price of the swiftlet nests in the international market remains high, the business of swiftlet nests in houses is still promising. However, the expenditure of having business in swiftlet houses is high due to the cost of building, security system, and periodic maintenance. There is no guarantee that the high-cost swiftlet house will produce nests, and thus the business in swiftlet houses is considered risky.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Medium risk: closely related to a species known to harbour/transmit zoonotic pathogens

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

one concern is related to the possibility of emerging zoonotic disease, although so far there has been no proof on the incidence of such disease.

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Mardiastuti, A. (2011) Swiftlet farming in Indonesia: opportunity, challenge, and sustainability

The production of white nests from natural caves has been greatly decreased and many caves have not produced nest anymore due to overharvesting.

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Sustainability not determined

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Indonesia

Harvesting_Moluccan Scrubfowl_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 12 Jan 2022 14:52:57 +0000

Harvesting_Moluccan Scrubfowl_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 01/12/2022 - 14:52

Wed, 07/01/2020 - 12:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 01/12/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Egg harvesting and local conservation of Moluccan Scrubfowl (Eulipoa wallacei) in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Common but only within narrow areas of distribution

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Formal national protection in place

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry has also made the Moluccan Scrubfowl a protected species through Regulation P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/12/2018 of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia.

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Energy Production and Mining

Transportation and Service Corridors

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Over-harvesting of its highly nutritious eggs is the main reason for its decline, even in some areas where traditional regulatory management is practiced. Civil unrest in the Moluccas has prevented conservation efforts over the past five years. However, on Haruku nesting success increased from the late 1990s onwards apparently because egg-collection virtually ceased owing to political unrest (Heij 2001a, Heij 2005a). Since 2003, the political situation has stabilised and uncontrolled harvesting has resumed (Heij 2005a,c), but while harvest effort is now likely to be as high the total number of eggs collected in 2017 was still 40% lower than in 1996/7 (Simanjuntak et al. 2020). Natural predation of eggs and chicks by Varanus lizards, snakes and birds of prey poses an increasing threat as colonies decline. Predation by introduced cats (Heij 2001b), dogs and pigs has also served to reduce the number of egg-laying birds (Heij 2005a), though these are controlled by people in heavily exploited nesting grounds (Heij et al. 1997). Sand extraction for local road construction and a number of development projects threaten nesting grounds, as does pollution from litter (Heij 2005b,c). Deforestation (through logging and agricultural encroachment) is presumed to be a threat in its non-breeding habitats. Severe droughts linked to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) probably cause reductions in egg production.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Eulipoa wallacei

Common Name(s)

Moluccan Scrubfowl

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

The local people in the Maluku Islands have utilized Moluccan Scrubfowl eggs as an important source of protein and livelihood

How is the primary use carried out?

Collecting or harvesting parts or products from wild animals (e.g., eggs, wild honey, vicuna fibre)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Additional Details (if available)

Local communities in the study areas have been using the Moluccan Scrubfowl eggs for generations, both for their own consumption and for income generation;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Amount

21707.00

Units Of Measurement

eggs harvested in Kailolo annually

Time period over which this has been recorded

2017-2018

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, customary and complied with

Additional Details (if available)

In Kailolo and Haruku, the use of eggs has been regulated through a traditional custom called sasi. To control the implementation of sasi, a traditional organization was established, called kewang.

also some formal regulations: on 2 October 2018, facilitated by non-governmental organizations, the Kao villagers implemented a six-month moratorium on the collection of Moluccan Scrubfowl eggs to increase the population of the birds.

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Sub region/state

Maluku Islands

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded

No assessment recorded

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Source Reference(s)

Simanjuntak R, Yusniar M, Samalukang YM, Boleu FI, Mardiastuti A, Widyasari V, Udin JS. 2020. Short Communication: Egg harvesting and local conservation of Moluccan Scrubfowl (Eulipoa wallacei) in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3018-3024.

Some villages have already developed measures to ensure the sustainability of the species and the harvestable eggs. In Simau, a portion of the harvested eggs is used in a semi- natural hatching program. In Simau, the semi-natural egg hatching program is conducted by the Salabia Youth Community, in collaboration with landowners.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

Sub-national

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Country reference

Indonesia

Harvest_Vicuña_Bolivia

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 17 Dec 2021 11:22:51 +0000

Harvest_Vicuña_Bolivia Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 12/17/2021 - 11:22

Tue, 01/01/2019 - 12:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 12/17/2021 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species sourced from the wild but reared/cultivated in a managed site (e.g., cultivated wild specimens, eggs/juveniles from the wild)

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Harvest of Vicuña fibre for trade in Bolivian highlands since 2006.

Increasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Population Trend

Increasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Biological resource use

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Vicugna vicugna

Common Name(s)

Vicuña

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

the Vicuña are typically sheared for their fibre, before being released back into the wild.

How is the primary use carried out?

Collecting or harvesting parts or products from wild animals (e.g., eggs, wild honey, vicuna fibre)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

1250.00

Units Of Measurement

kg of fibre

Time period over which this has been recorded

2018

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal (e.g., quotas, viewing or catch-size limits) and complied with

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

In 1969, Peru and Bolivia agreed to ban all hunting and sale of vicuña for a period of ten years. Later they and other range states agreed the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Vicuna (the Vicuna Convention; 1979), which provides in Article I for use of the species “for the benefit of the Andean people”.

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Bolivia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is improving the status (e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Yes, positive (use is helping combat poaching or illegal wildlife trade)

populations have increased dramatically since this approach was first initiated (Fig 1). At a finer scale, population surveys available for community- managed areas over the last decade indicates that in most, populations continue to increase, although populations have slightly declined over this period in several (see Fig 2), due possibly to poaching, climatic factors, or stochastic fluctuations in generally stable populations.

Vicuñas have become an economic asset to local communities, rather than only a competitor for pasture with their livestock, motivating communities to carry out anti-poaching and protection activities.

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a positive effect (e.g., reduced competition, reduced risk of hybridization)

Yes, positive (e.g., it increases / retains land area for conservation)

Yes, considered sustainable

Additional Details (if available)

There are broader habitat conservation benefits (including for some sensitive habitats such a peatland), and benefits for other flora and fauna.

Additional Details (if available)

There are broader habitat conservation benefits (including for some sensitive habitats such a peatland), and benefits for other flora and fauna.

Details of assessment carried out

use is described as "sustainable" several times in the record.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Yes

Contribution to GDP

If financial benefits accrue disproportionately toward some actors, please explain why

Income from sale of vicuña fibre is distributed according as follows:
 8% royalty payment to the government;
 3% payment of tax on profits;
 3% operational costs of marketing to ACOFIVB;
 85% to benefit families in the communities.

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Taking part in management and sustainable use of vicuna has also led to revitalisation of ancient traditions and local knowledge.

While the government officially owns vicuña, local communities have been given the legal right to use wild vicuna for shearing the fibre.

Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded

No assessment recorded

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Present

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Present

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Present

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Present

Support from NGOs

Present

Support from Government

Present

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Capacity building of community

Present

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Present

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Other Factors

There is no processing capacity in Bolivia – fibre is exported either to Argentina for processing (and then to Italy) or directly to Italy. Development of local processing might increase the economic returns to local communities.

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

CITES (2009) CITES & Livelihoods Case Study 2019: Harvest and trade of Vicuña fibre in Bolivia.

Vicuña populations were decimated in the middle decades of the twentieth century, suffering uncontrolled and indiscriminate exploitation for trade in fibre. There were no clear user rights at this time, so the population was effectively treated as an open-access resource.
In 1969, Peru and Bolivia agreed to ban all hunting and sale of vicuña for a period of ten years. Later they and other range states agreed the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Vicuna (the Vicuna Convention; 1979), which provides in Article I for use of the species “for the benefit of the Andean people”.

How many people or households are involved in the use?

9442

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

Women participate actively in every stage of the process, and in planning and coordination.

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed