Individual Site

National Level

Formal national protection in place

In Costa Rica, it is protected in Corcovado National Park and in Golfito National Wildlife Refuge.

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Residential and Commercial Development

Transportation and Service Corridors

Additional Details (if available)

The direct impact of viewing by tourists consists
of some disturbance of the monkeys, including cases of
taunting. Indirect impacts are a revival of the capture of
monkeys for pets and loss of habitat due to expansion of
tourism infrastructure.

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The major threat to this species across its range is habitat loss, primarily due to agriculture and logging. In Panama, some specific threats are deforestation for farming, cattle ranching, teak plantations, palm oil plantations, urban investments, hydroelectric and other industrial activities. Other threats are the use of herbicides and live capture for the pet trade (Miranda-Jiménez and Méndez-Carvajal 2012a). In Costa Rica, Solano (2007) reported five main threats to the conservation of Squirrel Monkeys besides forest fragmentation and habitat loss.

Crops such as maize (Zea mays), bananas (Musa spp.) and lychees (Nephelium lappaceum), due to the local inhabitants considering the monkeys a pest and then acting accordingly;
Exotic plantations such as palm oil (Elais guineensis) and teak and grey teak (Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea); (note: the teak plantations are a threat as it is cut down and then squirrel monkeys can't connect to other areas)
Pet trade, this is not very common in the whole range for this subspecies and more common in the border with Panama, but some rescue centres report new arrivals on the birth season apparently from captured monkeys;
Electrical wires, there are several spots where monkeys are found dead due to electrical wires contact;
Hunting dogs, and dogs in general, some dead squirrel monkeys were reported attacked and dead by hunting dogs and less commonly by domestic dogs unattended.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Saimiri oerstedi

Common Name(s)

Central American Squirrel Monkey

Black-crowned Central American Squirrel Monkey

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

How is the primary use carried out?

Watching/experiencing terrestrial, aerial, or aquatic fauna and flora in the wild (e.g., birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife watching)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Recreational

Additional Details (if available)

The monkeys, are a popular tourist attraction. In 1988, it
was determined that 75% of the tourists that visit Manuel
Antonio do so to observe nature: mainly animals,
including the squirrel monkey.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Mesoamerica

Country

Costa Rica

Name

Manuel Antonio National Park

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Management

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Unknown/not recorded

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

No detail provided of specific users other than the general category of tourism. In 1988, it was determined that 75% of the tourists that visit Manuel
Antonio do so to observe nature: mainly animals, including the squirrel monkey.

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Yes, negative (e.g., it destroys/ degrades it due to over-use)

Additional Details (if available)

The annual number of visitors to Manuel Antonio rose from 25,000 in 1982 to 192,000 in 1992. In response to this growth, land owners around the park began building hotels, restaurants, and other facilities. In spite of the importance of the remaining forest patches, their destruction has been accelerated due to the development of wildlife tourism.

Details of assessment carried out

Tourism's use of the squirrel monkey is reducing the long term viability of the subspecies. It is doing so not through the direct impact of the use per se (that is,
viewing of the monkeys by tourists) but indirectly through the loss of habitat to tourism infrastructure.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

Most of the capital for tourism comes from outsiders, who receive most of the
industry's economic rewards: 60% of the infrastructure has been developed with foreign capital; and only 2% of the income from tourism goes back to the local
community.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Prescott-Allen, Robert, and Prescott-Allen, Christine (Eds.) (1996). Assessing the Sustainability of Uses of Wild Species - Case Studies and Initial Assessment Procedure. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. pp. iv + 135. Authors of case study: Grace Wong and Eduardo Carhllo

Tourism has a direct impact on the squirrel monkeys, through the effects that visitors have on the groups they observe, and the revival of the capture of monkeys for sale as pets. It also has an indirect impact, by reducing the monkey's habitat and isolating groups from each other. Tourism's use of the squirrel monkey is reducing the long term viability of the subspecies. It is doing so not through the direct impact of the use per se (that is, viewing of the monkeys by tourists) but indirectly through the loss of habitat to tourism infrastructure.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Residential and Commercial Development

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

In Costa Rica, the squirrel monkey has been declared
an endangered species. The law punishes direct
(consumptive) use of the species but not indirect impacts e.g., through habitat destruction. In particular, current laws cannot cope with the cumulative effects of individual property developments.

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Not Evaluated

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Capture for the pet trade

Unknown/not recorded

Sustainability not determined

Yes, considered unsustainable

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species?

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Country reference

Costa Rica

Harvesting_Big Leaf Mahogany_Brazil

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 19:39:43 +0000

Harvesting_Big Leaf Mahogany_Brazil Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 19:39

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Big-leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla population dynamics and implications for sustainable management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Logging and/or Wood Harvesting

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species is the most commercially important of the mahoganies. The level of exploitation has led to the exhaustion of supplies particularly in the northern parts of its range. Regeneration of the species is stochastic, depending in nature on large-scale disturbance. This ecological strategy makes mahogany vulnerable to logging regimes. Harvesting and processing are generally only 50 percent efficient. There is, at present, little economic incentive to manage natural stands sustainably.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Swietenia macrophylla

Common Name(s)

Big Leaf Mahogany

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Brazil

Sub region/state

Para

Name

Marajoara

Site Description

The study site is a 4100-ha forest industry-owned management area called Marajoara, located at 7°50′S, 50°16′W in the southeast corner of the state of Para

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

These results indicate that current harvest regulations in Brazil for mahogany and other high-value timber species with similar life histories will lead to commercial depletion after 2–3 cutting cycles. . Current legal harvest prac- tices for these species are likewise unsustainable and must be revised to account for species biology

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Grogan, J., Landis, R.M., Free, C.M., Schulze, M.D., Lentini, M. and Ashton, M.S. (2014), Big-leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla population dynamics and implications for sustainable management. J Appl Ecol, 51: 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12210

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Brazil

Harvesting_Lebombo Ironwood_South Africa

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 14:26:20 +0000

Harvesting_Lebombo Ironwood_South Africa Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 14:26

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Impact of Ethnobotanical Utilization on the Population Structure of Androstachys Johnsonii Prain. in the Vhembe Area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Logging and/or Wood Harvesting

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species has been heavily exploited for timber where it occurs, for example in Mozambique it was one of the most exploited timber species in 2005, and this is exacerbated by it being a slow-growing tree. It suffers from deforestation, such as in the Baixo Pinda Forest Reserve and to a lesser extent in Matibane Forest Reserve, which have been subject to clearance for agriculture (Lemmens et al. 2012, J. Timberlake pers. comm. 2019). In Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, Androstachys johnsonii are declining from high population densities of African elephants and high fire frequencies causing a shift from savanna woodland to scrubland or grassland

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Androstachys johnsonii

Common Name(s)

Lebombo Ironwood

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

different parts of A. johnsonii such as stem, leaves, roots and bark are used for various purposes by villagers of Matshena village

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Additional Details (if available)

this species is mostly used for fencing, roofing, pillar construction, and as firewood. Additional ethnobotanical uses include fodder for goats and cattle and medicinal purposes;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Building/construction

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

South Africa

Sub region/state

Limpopo Province

Name

Mathena village

Site Description

Matshena village is situated in the Mutale Local Municipality of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

it is clear that A. johnsonii is in dire need of formal (legislative) and traditional (tribal) protection if the population is to be managed in a sustainable manner for the preservation of future generations.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Mokou BM, Jordaan JJ, Mafeo TP, et al. (2017) Impact of Ethnobotanical Utilization on the Population Structure of Androstachys Johnsonii Prain. in the Vhembe Area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Insights For Res 1(1):50-56.

The negative response of trees through defoliated crowns is an indication of unfavourable conditions for their growth and development.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Least Concern (LC)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

South Africa

Harvesting_African Mahogany_Burkina Faso

Emma_Hemmerle — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 12:53:01 +0000

Harvesting_African Mahogany_Burkina Faso Emma_Hemmerle Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:53

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Thu, 02/10/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Impact of bark and foliage harvesting on fruit production of the multipurpose tree Afzelia africana in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Afzelia africana is listed as an endangered species on the national red list of Burkina Faso

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

Intensive exploitation of this species for timber, used by the international market, is a significant threat. It is also becoming threatened where there is high pressure for fodder, such as in Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon (Gérard and Louppe 2011). Cutting the branches for livestock fodder and debarking for medicinal purposes is uncontrolled in eastern Burkina Faso and this harvesting has negatively affected the population structure and fruit production of this species (Nacoulma et al. 2011, 2017).

In the Northern and West Nile regions of Uganda, this species has declined dramatically in recent years due to harvesting for charcoal and carvings for the tourist market (Kirunda et al. 2016). In the last two years, Uganda has experienced rampant illegal harvest of the species in protected areas and private land mainly for timber export to Asia. This prompted a government ban on the harvest and trade in 2017, though this did not stop the export trade (I. Katwesige pers. comm. 2019). In South Sudan, this species is heavily used and considered threatened (M. Kordofani pers. comm. 2020). General habitat loss such as forest clearance for agriculture is also a threat in parts of this species range (Onana and Cheek 2011).

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Afzelia africana

Common Name(s)

African Mahogany

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

bark and foliage harvesting
The bark is harvested and used as an important medicine to treat various diseases, including diar- rhoea, coughs, gastrointestinal disorders, general pain in humans and in veterinary medicine (Arbonnier 2002; Orwa et al. 2009). Afzelia africana is also used for religious purposes (a fetish tree) in many regions and the bark is removed both for medicinal purposes and for sacrifices throughout the year; Being among the most used fodder tree species, Afzelia africana foliage is heavily harvested to feed livestock;

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for animals (including aquaculture)

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Cultural or religious practices

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Burkina Faso

Name

W National Park (WNP)

Site Description

The study was conducted in W National Park (WNP) complex and surrounding areas in Burkina Faso, located in the Sudanian zone between lat. 11° 300 N to 12°220 Nandlong.1°460 Eto2°230 E.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Management

Illegal under national law

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

High harvesting intensity is an unsustainable practice that should be completely prohibited in order to ensure long-term persistence of Afzelia africana. Low harvesting intensity should be allowed, but only on large reproductive individuals.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Nacoulma, B.M.I., Lykke, A.M., Traoré, S. et al. Impact of bark and foliage harvesting on fruit production of the multipurpose tree Afzelia africana in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Agroforest Syst 91, 565–576 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9960-9

Fruit and seed quantity and quality decreased with increasing harvesting intensity. However, no significant differ- ence was detected between trees without and trees under low harvesting. Trees of all size classes under very severe harvesting intensity had no fruits. Under low harvesting impact, large trees had twice as many fruits as the control, whereas fruits were reduced by half to 95 % for the small trees.
Our study highlights that bark and foliage harvest- ing occurring in the Sudanian savanna is detrimental to the performance of Afzelia africana fruit production. Harvesting significantly decreased the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds, which could compromise the chances of natural regeneration of this multiuse tree species in the long-term.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

TheWNP complex includes two protected hunting zones (Tapoa-Djerma and Kombongou) in addition to the national park

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Burkina Faso

Harvesting_African Baobab_Botswana

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 16:45:32 +0000

Harvesting_African Baobab_Botswana Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/09/2022 - 16:45

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Testing the Baobab’s Mettle: An Evaluation of the Sustainability and Economic Potential of Harvesting Adansonia digitata

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Adansonia digitata

Common Name(s)

African Boabab

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

The shells of the fruit are used to make bowls, cups, and jars.
Fruit is harvested for human consumption; young leaves are eaten as a spinach, and the seeds can be eaten as a snack either raw or roasted. The roots, when boiled, produce a red-purple dye that is suitable for dying fabric. Bark is harvested for traditional medicine purposes. Both bark and roots are harvested using axes. They are simply chopped off haphazardly when being used for traditional medicine purposes, whereas when the bark is to be used for rope or crafts a rectangular strip of bark is usually removed, sometimes spanning the entire circumference of the tree (ringbarking).

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

the role it plays in the day-to-day lives of the people who live around it, through its usefulness as a source of food, medicine, and crafts.

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Ornamentation, decoration and apparel

Amount

39.00

Units Of Measurement

Number of mature fruit-bearing trees accessible in the village

Time period over which this has been recorded

2009

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Botswana

Sub region/state

Central District

Name

Getwa

Site Description

Gweta, population roughly 5000, is situated on the northern outskirts of the Makgadikgadi pans in the country’s Central District and is one of the main entry points for tourists visiting the pans.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a negative effect (e.g., prey depletion, stress, disrupted breeding, movement, sleeping, feeding patterns)

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

At the moment, buffalo weavers are threatened by branch loss, which can and does cause their nests to drop from the trees.

Details of assessment carried out

Results suggest that baobab harvesting in its current form is detrimental to the trees’ health and may not be sustainable in the long term;
harvesting practices at present are causing damage to the trees and will result in diminishing returns to the village over time, especially where fruit is concerned. At the moment, fruit yields are almost certainly declining as a result of human exploitation. In the face of a growing human population, pressure on the trees will increase, and as a result the benefits they provide to the community will gradually wither away. If pushed farther, even the trees themselves could begin to be killed as has happened with fungus-infected baobabs in Namibia;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

pulp contains six times the vitamin C of an orange, more calcium than milk, numerous antioxidants, and a high concentration of vitamin A. The leaves are also high in vitamin A, can be eaten as a green, and are used medicinally to treat fevers and diarrhoea.

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Support from NGOs

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Rhodes, Benjamin, "Testing the Baobab’s Mettle: An Evaluation of the Sustainability and Economic Potential of Harvesting Adansonia digitata" (2009). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 727.
https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/727

Results suggest that baobab harvesting in its current form is detrimental to the trees’ health and may not be sustainable in the long term; Human usage was linked to increased branch loss and to the severity of infection by rot fungi.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Botswana

Harvesting_Dwarf Bamboo_Taiwan

Emma_Hemmerle — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 12:24:20 +0000

Harvesting_Dwarf Bamboo_Taiwan Emma_Hemmerle Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:24

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Wed, 02/09/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Experimental Evaluation of the Sustainability of Dwarf Bamboo (Pseudosasa usawai) Sprout-Harvesting Practices in Yangminshan National Park, Taiwan

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Pseudosasa usawai

Common Name(s)

Dwarf Bamboo

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)

Details of parts/products taken

Sprout harvesting

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Taiwan

Name

Yangminshan National Park

Site Description

YMSNP (121°320E, 25°100N) is a national park in the outskirts of Taipei city, Taiwan. Because of its vicinity to the city, human settlement and agriculture in the area started long before the establishment of the park.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Liao, CC., Chang, CR., Hsu, MT. et al. Experimental Evaluation of the Sustainability of Dwarf Bamboo (Pseudosasa usawai) Sprout-Harvesting Practices in Yangminshan National Park, Taiwan. Environmental Management 54, 320–330 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0296-9

Experimental results suggest that although a single sprout harvest did not significantly alter the subsequent abundance and structure of sprouts, culm damage that accompanied sprout harvesting resulted in shorter, thinner, and fewer sprouts. Weaker recovery was found in windward, continually harvested, and more severely damaged sites.

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Does the site have any designations? HIDE

Protected area

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Taiwan

Keeping_Slow loris_Indonesia

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 08 Feb 2022 15:28:03 +0000

Keeping_Slow loris_Indonesia Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/08/2022 - 15:28

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Additional Details (if available)

Because slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) adapt fairly well to habitats altered by humans, the wildlife trade is thought to be the most critical factor in their decline (Nekaris & Streicher, 2008).

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

This species is collected for use as pets, and the animals are sold throughout Southeast Asia (Nekaris and Bearder 2011; Nekaris and Nijman 2007). The teeth are often pulled, resulting in infection and/or death. If animals survive, lack of teeth makes reintroduction impossible.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Nycticebus coucang

Common Name(s)

Slow loris

Greater slow loris

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Non-Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Keeping, display or breeding live animals and plants (e.g., pets, horticulture, zoos, botanic gardens)

Amount

77.00

Units Of Measurement

lorises confiscated in a single instance

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

South and Southeast Asia

Country

Indonesia

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Illegal under national law

Unknown/not recorded

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Yes, recorded as negative

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Detail of aspects of animal welfare affected

Medical records indicated that in total, 28.6% of the slow lorises died within the first 6 months, mostly due to traumatic injury, and all the infants died. The greatest sources of morbidity were external wounds (33.1% of 166 total medical events) and dental problems (19.3%). Of the surviving individuals, 25.4% displayed abnormal behavior.
The slow lorises were transported without access to food or water, and many were dehydrated upon rescue.The inability to grasp a substrate was likely a great source of distress for the slow lorises during transport and is also a source of stress for slow lorises kept as pets in unsuitable conditions; Forced social proximity to other slow lorises was likely another major source of injury and distress for the slow lorises during transport.

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Grace Fuller, Wilhelmina Frederica Eggen, Wirdateti Wirdateti & K. A. I. Nekaris (2018) Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21:3, 224-238, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1393338

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Indonesia

Tourism_Yellow Eyed Penguin_New Zealand

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 08 Feb 2022 10:44:05 +0000

Tourism_Yellow Eyed Penguin_New Zealand Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 02/08/2022 - 10:44

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 02/08/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Behavioural consequences of human disturbance on subantarctic Yellow-eyed Penguins Megadyptes antipodes

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Yes

Population Status

Uncommon and only found within narrow areas of distribution

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Energy Production and Mining

Climate Change

Fire

Invasive Species

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

By-catch mortality in the commercial gillnet fisheries is thought have driven significant declines over the past two decades, both on predator-free islands, such as Whenua Hou, and along the mainland coast; . Modelling has found a likely correlation between changing sea surface temperature and penguin vital rates, whereby productivity and survival are projected to decline under predicted climate change (Mattern et al. 2017). This has been seen in the Boulder Beach colony, where changes in SST have been found to account for 33% of the population fluctuations (Mattern et al. 2017). Human disturbance, particularly from unregulated tourists at breeding areas, negatively affects energy budgets, fledgling weight and probability of survival (McClung et al. 2004; Ellenberg et al. 2007, 2009, 2013), with human to penguin distance being a predictor of the likelihood of defensive behaviour;

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Megadyptes antipodes

Common Name(s)

Yellow-eyed Penguin

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

How is the primary use carried out?

Watching/experiencing terrestrial, aerial, or aquatic fauna and flora in the wild (e.g., birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife watching)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, customary and complied with

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

The current minimum approach guideline for all wildlife there is a distance of 5 m, yet the appropriateness of this has never been scientifically validated.
On Enderby Island, tourists approached to a median minimum distance of 27 m, where the probability of disturbance is 0.65, and 39% of tourists approached to a minimum distance of < 21 m, where the probability of disturbance is > 0.87

Geographic Location

Oceania

Country

New Zealand

Sub region/state

Auckland Archipelago

Name

Enderby Island

Site Description

Enderby Island, Auckland Island archipelago (50°29′45′′S 166°17′44′′E)
We collected all behavioural data at Penguin Alley, a section of Sandy Bay, Enderby Island, that is frequently used by penguins transiting to and from their nests and tourists arriving/departing and setting off/returning from walks on the island;

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

tourists are the primary users

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

As tourist visitation is infrequent and at low levels on Enderby Island, these penguins may not have had the opportunity to become habituated to humans. However, the lack of habituation by Yellow-eyed Penguins on mainland New Zealand (where the level of tourism is much higher and continuous year-round) indicates that habituation to tourism may not be possible.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Present

Support from Government

Present

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Present

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

French, R. , Muller, C. G., Chilvers, B. L., & Battley, P. (2019). Behavioural consequences of human disturbance on subantarctic Yellow-eyed Penguins Megadyptes antipodes. Bird Conservation International, 29(2), 277–290. Cambridge University Press.

Human presence caused a significant drop in the probability of a successful transit to or from their nest, and significantly increased the time penguins spent alert and decreased the time spent preening. Modelling showed the distance from a human to a penguin is a significant predictor of the likelihood of a bird displaying disturbance behaviour, with the current minimum approach guideline of 5 m not sufficient for preventing disturbance. Unregulated tourism has been shown to decrease juvenile survival in their first year as a result of lower fledging weights, affecting population recruitment (McClung et al. 2004).

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Lack of habituation to human disturbance;

Other

Human Intrusions and disturbances

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

New Zealand

Tourism_Barbary Macaques_Morocco

Emma_Hemmerle — Mon, 07 Feb 2022 10:53:55 +0000

Tourism_Barbary Macaques_Morocco Emma_Hemmerle Mon, 02/07/2022 - 10:53

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Mon, 02/07/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Impacts of tourism on anxiety and physiological stress levels in wild male Barbary macaques.

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon and only found within narrow areas of distribution

Formal international protection in place

International Level

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Energy Production and Mining

Climate Change

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

The destruction and degradation of the Barbary Macaque’s forest habitat is the most serious threat to the species. The severity of different threats varies in different parts of the species' range.
Conflicts with local people have been reported in Algeria, as a result of crop-raiding by macaques (e.g., villages in Djurdjura National Park in the Grande-Kabylie region: F. Belbachir pers. comm. 2007). Crop raiding by Barbary Macaques has been reported by farmers in the area of Ouzoud (El Alami and Chait 2014) and other areas of the High Atlas. As a consequence, the shooting of Barbary Macaques as a result of crop raiding and cedar bark stripping was reported by Deag (1977) and must be seen as an ongoing threat to the species’ future.

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Macaca sylvanus

Common Name(s)

Barbary macaque

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

How is the primary use carried out?

Watching/experiencing terrestrial, aerial, or aquatic fauna and flora in the wild (e.g., birdwatching, snorkeling, wildlife watching)

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Recreational

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Conservation Management (translocation, restoration, ex-situ breeding)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Geographic Location

North Africa

Country

Morocco

Sub region/state

Middle Atlas Mountains

Name

Ifrane National Park

Site Description

33°250 N; 005°100 W

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Tourism in Morocco has the potential to contribute to Barbary macaque conservation through a number of routes, including revenue generation for multiple stake holders (e.g. site managers, guides and local communities), education, and improved protection and monitoring of macaque populations and their habitat. Careful consideration of the effects of tourism, and how these may be mitigated, will ensure these benefits are realised while minimising or eliminating the negative impacts on the animals involved.

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Maréchal, L., Semple, S., Majolo, B., Qarro, M., Heistermann, M., & MacLarnon, A. (2011). Impacts of tourism on anxiety and physiological stress levels in wild male Barbary macaques. Biological Conservation, 144(9), 2188-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.010

findings suggest that while tourist presence and interactions (even apparently innocuous ones) with the macaques elevate the study animals’ anxiety levels, only aggressive interactions are sufficient to elicit a detectable increase in our measure of physiological stress; These findings indicate overall that tourism at this site may be having an impact on the animals at both an emotional and a physiological level.
all close interactions with tourists, even those such as being photographed that might seem apparently innocuous for the animals, are sufficient to elicit anxiety.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Who is involved in the use?

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants; Human intrusions and disturbance;

No assessment recorded

No assessment has been recorded

Country reference

Morocco

Harvesting_Swamp Ghost Crab_Brazil

Emma_Hemmerle — Mon, 31 Jan 2022 08:45:14 +0000

Harvesting_Swamp Ghost Crab_Brazil Emma_Hemmerle Mon, 01/31/2022 - 08:45

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Mon, 01/31/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

An examination of the techniques used to capture mangrove crabs, Ucides cordatus, in the Mamanguape River estuary, northeastern Brazil, with implications for management

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Unknown

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

National Level

Formal national protection in place

the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency, considers the tangle-netting technique to have much greater environmental impacts than the traditional braceamento, and in 2003 prohibited its use as well as the use of the tamping technique in Brazil;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Additional Details (if available)

Boeger et al. (2005) stated that destruction of mangrove habitats, and diseases threaten local crab populations. Overfishing is also frequently suggested as a risk in many places, however for most Brazilian mangrove swamps available stock data are insufficient to confirm populational declines. crab stocks in the study area decreased significantly in 1998 due to significant die offs of U. cordatus (Alves and Nishida, 2002), probably due to the Lethargic Crab Disease (LCD) caused by the pathogenic fungus Exophiala cf psychrophila

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Ucides cordatus

Common Name(s)

Swamp Ghost Crab

mangrove crab

caranguejo-uça

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Additional Details (if available)

prohibition of the tamping harvesting technique, but it is still used at the study site, as well as across the country;

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

two techniques are used at the study site for crab harvesting: tangle netting technique, and the now illegal tamping technique;

Geographic Location

South America

Country

Brazil

Sub region/state

Paraíba state

Name

Mamanguape River estuary

Site Description

The Mamanguape River estuary (06° 430 0200 e 06° 510 5400 S X 35° 07' 46" e 34° 54' 04"W) is the second largest estuary in the northeastern Brazilian Paraíba State (16,400 ha), with a mangrove swamp covering 45.7 km2

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Management

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a negative effect (e.g., prey depletion, stress, disrupted breeding, movement, sleeping, feeding patterns)

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

the use of the tangle-netting technique involves the cutting of the roots of the mangrove species R. mangle

Details of assessment carried out

Given that tangle-netting results in greater harvesting pressure but lower selectivity compared to tamping, it may potentially be less sustainable. The tangle-netting technique is much less size selective than the tamping technique (22% versus 5% of total catch with illegal crab sizes), thus exercising a greater capture pressure on the crab pop- ulation. The lack of (i) data on the structure and resilience of the U. cordatus population in the Mamanguape River estuary, (ii) fish- ery stock assessments and (iii) knowledge of the magnitudes of secondary impacts caused by tangle-netting (pollution through discarded nets, cutting of the prop roots of R. mangle while setting the traps), does not yet allow to unambiguously evaluate whether the use of tangle-netting (and tamping) poses a real threat to the crab resources in the Mamanguape River estuary, and in many places elsewhere. Nonetheless, the perception of local crab har- vesters is that crab stocks have become reduced in the last 20 years, with decreasing average crab sizes suggesting overfishing. This perception of the crab harvesters, however, is based on long-term memories of harvesting stocks, memories that could well be exaggerated or otherwise inaccurate, and must be viewed with caution (Capistrano and Lopes, 2012).

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Details of assessment

Decreases in U. cordatus populations represent a threat to the sustainability of their harvesting, which can cause detrimental socio-economic impacts for thousands of people who depend on this resource for financial subsistence; Despite the fact that the tangle-net technique facilitates crab harvesting, the socio-economic status of these fishermen and their families remains very low. According to Alves et al. (2005), the almost complete economic dependence of these fishermen on harvesting U. cordatus results in significant environmental pressure on those animals and the mangrove ecosystem itself. The lack of alternative income options and the limited economic gains of crab harvesting make this activity barely economically sustainable;

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Source Reference(s)

Nascimento, D., Chaves Alves, Â., Nóbrega Alves, R., Duarte Barboza, R., Diele, K., & Mourão, J. (2016). An examination of the techniques used to capture mangrove crabs, Ucides cordatus , in the Mamanguape River estuary, northeastern Brazil, with implications for management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 130, 50-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.05.010

All of the crab harvesters interviewed having more than 20 years of experience (n 1⁄4 34) stated they perceived that stocks of U. cordatus had become reduced over the last 20 years, together with average crab sizes. The harvesters using the tangle-netting technique captured 16.2% more crabs below legal minimum size (60 mm CW) than those using the tamping technique. The crab harvesters interviewed were unanimous in recognizing decreases in crab abundance and average crab size over the years, and in attributing this to increased harvesting pressure.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Habitat Loss and Enviromental Degredation

Disease

Illegal/Unregulated Fishing

Who is involved in the use?

Men

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Yes

Historically, the profession of harvesting mangrove crabs, U. cordatus, in the Mamanguape River estuary was male- dominated. Capture activities are considered, at least locally, as excessively rigorous for women to perform, even using the tangle- net technique. As such, the energetic costs of harvesting activities, added to the physical risks involved, makes the participation of women much less frequent, and for fact absent in the study area.

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

IUCN National Red List Category

IUCN Global Red List Category

Green Status Global Category