Trophy Hunting_African Elephant_Zimbabwe

Emma_Hemmerle — Tue, 11 Jan 2022 11:30:35 +0000

Trophy Hunting_African Elephant_Zimbabwe Emma_Hemmerle Tue, 01/11/2022 - 11:30

Wed, 01/01/2020 - 12:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Tue, 01/11/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

“Grey” literature (e.g., NGO reports, case studies, non-detriment studies; project documents etc. (not necessarily peer-reviewed))

Trophy Hunting Of Elephants: How This Supports The Zimbabwe Campfire Program

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

CMS listing

National Level

No formal national protection in place

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Illegal/Unregulated Hunting

Residential and Commercial Development

Energy Production and Mining

Climate Change

Fire

Dams and other System Modifications

Transportation and Service Corridors

Invasive Species

Population Trend

Increasing

Sub-national Level

No formal sub-national protection in place

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Loxodonta africana

Common Name(s)

African savannah elephant

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Hunting and/or Trapping of live Terrestrial and Aerial Animals

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Recreational

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Speciment collecting, including hunting/fishing trophies

Amount

240.00

Units Of Measurement

annual trophy hunting quota for elephants through CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe

Time period over which this has been recorded

2010-2018

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Decreasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Geographic Location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Country

Zimbabwe

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Yes

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is improving the status (e.g., population is increasing or stabilising, extraction effort OR catch per unit effort is decreasing or stable)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Yes, positive (use is helping combat poaching or illegal wildlife trade)

It seems that without the presence of the CAMPFIRE program, elephant populations would have been negatively affected, particularly by habitat conversion. In addition, since the start of the program (2010), it seems that elephant population sizes in Zimbabwe have been stable, hinting at sustainability of use.

The revenues generated from the trade in this species through hunting and tourism increases the tolerance for this animal since this offsets the costs of living with them in a rural environment with high poverty.

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a positive effect (e.g., reduced competition, reduced risk of hybridization)

Yes, positive (e.g., it increases / retains land area for conservation)

Yes, considered sustainable

Additional Details (if available)

The legal trade in listed species, such as elephant, has raised the much needed revenue for resource protection, particularly for law enforcement and minimising the threat of illegal harvesting.

Additional Details (if available)

Legal trade in CITES-listed species is a strong incentive for wildlife to remain a viable land use option beyond the protected area network. The space requirements of such species cannot be met with protected areas alone, hence the land under CAMPFIRE is an important part of Zimbabwe’s conservation landscape and strategy. Without a supportive framework for legal trade in such species, most habitat for elephant, lion, leopard, wild dog, etc, will be brought under the plough.

Details of assessment carried out

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Yes

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

The CAMPFIRE wards tend to elect to invest in projects that provide social services to the whole community and only in special circumstances are dividends paid out for food security and direct cash benefits.

the bulk of these funds (45%) allocated directly to social services35 that support schools, clinics and other infrastructure that benefit the whole community

Training and extension services through revenues generated from the sustainable use of elephants. For e.g. training on crop-raiding mitigation techniques.

compensation for human-wildlife conflict victims; human-wildlife mitigation techniques

Wild fire prevention and mitigation, soil erosion and deforestation
control

Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded

Yes, considered sustainable

Details of assessment

However, it goes without saying that, currently, the greatest limitation facing the beneficiaries of the CAMPFIRE Programme is the inability of the hunting industry to market elephant trophies. Zimbabwe sees the absence of being able to trade in elephant products (such as ivory) as the greatest threat to elephant survival in the country (and in the region as a whole).

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management

Absent

Supportive policy and legislative framework

Absent

Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements

Absent

Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional

Absent

Support from NGOs

Absent

Support from Government

Absent

High financial returns from use

Absent

Abundant population of target species

Absent

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Capacity building of community

Absent

Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan

Absent

Effective private sector approach engagement through certification

Absent

Good Market Strategies

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Legal under national law

Source Reference(s)

CITES (2020) CITES and Livelihood Case Studies 2020: Trophy hunting of elephants and how this supports the Zimbabwe CAMPFIRE PROGRAM.

the birth of Zimbabwe’s Community Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE), was developed in response to the realization that unless communities living with wildlife can obtain direct value from wildlife, they will not protect the wildlife. Most of the income generated by CAMPFIRE came from trophy hunting. The - Parks and Wildlife Management Authority allocates hunting quotas to each of the CAMPFIRE Districts through a participatory and science-based process. Between 2010 and 2018 (9 years), the 10 districts were allocated a quota of 1,437 elephants

How many people or households are involved in the use?

800000

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level