Nepal

Harvesting_Dactylorhiza hatagirea_Nepal

Emma_Hemmerle — Mon, 24 Jan 2022 11:55:42 +0000

Harvesting_Dactylorhiza hatagirea_Nepal Emma_Hemmerle Mon, 01/24/2022 - 11:55

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Mon, 01/24/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Primary Producer/harvester (e.g., NTFP collectors, egg collectors)

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Illegal harvesting and livestock grazing threaten the endangered orchid Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó in Nepalese Himalaya

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Unknown/not recorded

Formal international protection in place

International Level

CITES listing

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Due to a marked decline in its natural populations, D. hatagirea has been listed as an endangered species in Nepal by Conservation Assessment and Management Plan;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Dactylorhiza hatagirea

Common Name(s)

Panchaunle

Type of Use

Non-Extractive

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Additional Details (if available)

The tubers of D. hatagirea yield a high quality salep (a beverage made from the powder of the orchid tuber), which is used as an aphrodisiac or a nutritive and restorative tonic, and are also eaten raw as a farinaceous food; It is also used in the treatment of diabetes, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, hoarseness of voice, paralysis, fractures, during convalescence and to correct malnutrition;

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

According to the Forest Act of Nepal (2019), collection, use, sale, trade, and export of D. hatagirea are prohibited, and the species is strictly protected in list I of Government of Nepal (Go, 2011). It is also listed under appendix II in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 2020). Nevertheless, due to its high medicinal potency, D. hatagirea is still collected illegally at all life stages and traded to, especially, India and China;

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

Geographic Location

West and Central Asia

Country

Nepal

Site Description

This study was carried out in two sites: (i) Lolu-Pilkanda (N29°60.095′ and E080°56.754′ to N29°57.719′ and E080°57.672′) within Api Nampa Conservation Area (ANCA) in Darchula District, north- west Nepal, and (ii) Bhimthang (N28°37.607′ and E084°28.343′ to N28°40.284′ and E084°29.166′), located within the strip of land separating Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) and Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) in Manang District, north-central Nepal (Figure 1).

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Yes

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

If more than one box ticked, please provide more details

D. hatagirea is collected illegally at all life stages and traded to, especially, India and China;

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

Our interview results showed that at the protected site people are aware of the conservation status and maintain sustainable populations, whereas the opposite was the case at the unprotected site where the populations are threatened. Sustainability of D. hatagirea populations, therefore, largely depends on controlling illegal and premature harvesting and unregulated livestock grazing, thus indicating the need for permanent monitoring of the species.
at the unprotected site, the negative impact of harvesting and grazing on density of different stages was highly pronounced. The prevailing disturbance practices (grazing, trampling, and overexploitation) and lack of awareness of the population ecology and the conservation status of the plant are the major challenges for sustainable management at the unprotected site;
therefore, use of the resource at the unprotected site appears to be unsustainable;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Illegal under national law

Source Reference(s)

Chapagain, DJ, Meilby, H, Baniya, CB, Budha-Magar, S, Ghimire, SK. Illegal harvesting and livestock grazing threaten the endangered orchid Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó in Nepalese Himalaya. Ecol Evol. 2021; 11: 6672– 6687. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7520

Ninety-two percent of the inform- ants claimed that illegal harvesting of D. hatagirea was a common practice and that the population had decreased drastically over the last few decades. At the protected site, however, About twenty-four percent were of the opinion that the population is decreasing, while seventy-three percent thought that the population has been almost constant in the last few decades as the local community is involved in patrolling the area to control illegal collection during the maturation period.

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Agriculture

Climate Change

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

One of the two sites in protected

Scale of Assessment

Individual Site

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Dependency on pollinators

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Nepal

Harvesting_Indian Valerian_Nepal

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 14:02:44 +0000

Harvesting_Indian Valerian_Nepal Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 14:02

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Production, distribution, use and trade of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Nepal

Unknown/not recorded

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Common and wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Formal national protection in place

Government of Nepal has enlisted the species as one of the 30 prioritized non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for research, development and commercial cultivation;

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Unknown/Not Recorded

Additional Details (if available)

overexploitation of the resource base has accelerated because of unregulated harvestings from the wild; Furthermore, increasing human pressures and herbal market, coupled with climate change, have decimated the population and distribution of medicinal plants for the last couple of decades;

Population Trend

Unknown/not recorded

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Valeriana jatamansi

Common Name(s)

Indian Valerian

Sugandhawal

Tagar-Ganthoda

Muskroot

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

How is the primary use carried out?

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Cultural/spiritual

Additional Details (if available)

traditional medicinal plant, folkloric in Nepal for epilepsy, cholera and neurosis and is used as analgesic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant and sedative
the use reports of V. jatamansi from 47 districts for the following four categories: herbal remedy, subsistence use (livelihood), household economy and religious/ritual (cultural). It has high level of prominence (RIL) for subsistence use (tea, incense, nutrition, insect repellant) (0.17) and household economy (0.18) followed by traditional medicine (0.09), and ritual/religious use (0.09)

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Food for People

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Cultural or religious practices

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Decreasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Yes, formal but regular non compliance

Additional Details (if available)

Large quantity of unprocessed air-dried rhizomes of V. jatamansi is illegally exported to India;

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

Because of Nepal’s highly porous borders (with India towards south and China towards north), most of the products were channeled through illegally ; Although, local harvester can extract only up to 80% of the rhizome of matured plants guided by conservation protocols (ANSAB, 2010; GoN, 2012), they usually uproot and collect all what they find in the forests.

Geographic Location

West and Central Asia

Country

Nepal

Site Description

Nepal lies along the slopes of the Himalayan Mountain between China and India between 80◦ 04’–88◦ 12’ E and 26◦ 22’ - 30◦ 27’ N.

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

International external (individual, groups. e.g., hunters, anglers, photographers, tourists)

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Unknown/not recorded

Details of assessment carried out

it is being harvested and traded without considering its sustainability; Being a highly useful plant, it is one of the over exploited species in Nepal; over-exploitation of the resource base has accelerated because of unregulated harvesting from the wild;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

It serves as a promising source for household economy, primary healthcare and herbal market and remedies

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Source Reference(s)

Charmakar, S., Kunwar, R., Sharma, H., Rimal, B., Baral, S., & Joshi, N. et al. (2021). Production, distribution, use and trade of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Nepal. Global Ecology And Conservation, 30, e01792. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01792

wild stocks are locally declining;

Threats/pressures impacting the species at the scale of this record

Climate Change

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

IUCN Global Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)

Green Status Global Category

Indeterminate

Yearly Financial Flows

Other

Gathering terrestrial plants;

No assessment recorded

Yes, considered unsustainable

Country reference

Nepal

Harvesting_Love Apple_Nepal

Emma_Hemmerle — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 13:00:49 +0000

Harvesting_Love Apple_Nepal Emma_Hemmerle Fri, 01/21/2022 - 13:00

Affiliation

IIED

Date Of Record Entry

Fri, 01/21/2022 - 12:00

Type of wild species covered by the record

Wild species used in its natural habitat

Stage of the value chain covered by the record

Unknown/not recorded

Record Source

Scientific publication (e.g., journal articles and book chapters independently peer-reviewed)

Distribution, use, trade and conservation of Paris polyphylla Sm. in Nepal

Decreasing

Is the species endemic HIDE

Population Status

Uncommon but wildly distributed

No formal international protection in place

National Level

Unknown/not recorded

Threats/Pressures impacting the conservation of the species

Agriculture

Illegal/Unregulated Logging and Wood Extraction

Climate Change

Disease

Population Trend

Decreasing

Sub-national Level

Unknown/not recorded

Additional Details (if available)

In a recent study, Pokhrel et al. (2019) estimated the Relative Threat Factor Severity Index (RTFSI) for P. polyphylla in Nepal. The maximum RTFSI value was obtained for illegal collection (0.90) followed by unscientific harvesting (0.83), open grazing (0.75), management and institutional provision (0.69), impacts of climate change (0.61), forest products collection by local users (0.58), developmental activities (0.53), natural hazards (0.53), others (0.33) and forest fire (0.25). Throughout its range, wild-collection for medicinal usage is the most severe threat to the species. High demand has driven its over-exploitation and the species is becoming rare throughout its entire distribution. Illegal trade, inadequacy of trade monitoring, and porous borders contribute to the unsustainable harvest of the species (Kunwar et al. 2020).
Unregulated grazing by livestock also contributes to its declining population. Seed predation by birds, fruit predation by deer, and herbivory of the whole plant (including its rhizomes) by deer, bear, and lagomorphs further threaten the species

Name

Emma Hemmerlé

Scientific Name

Paris polyphylla

Common Name(s)

Love Apple

Satuwa

Tangma

Haimavati

Type of Use

Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)

If extractive, for the target species, is this use

Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of

The whole entire organism

Details of parts/products taken

We found that during the harvesting process, the whole plant is often uprooted to collect the rhizome, which leads to the destruction of the stock.

How is the primary use carried out?

Gathering/Cutting/Collecting Terrestrial Plants and Fungi or Their Products From the Wild

Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?

Unknown/not recorded

Purpose of Use

Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)

Income generation from trade at individual or household or community

Largescale commercial exploitation for trade

Additional Details (if available)

Paris polyphylla Sm. is an important perennial medicinal plant of the Himalayas that is increasingly being used in traditional medicines and pharmaceutical industries. It is used as anthelmintic, antispasmodic, digestive and expectorant and to treat vermifuge problems, headache and intestinal worms

What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?

Medicine/Pharmaceutical (human/veterinary)

Time period over which this has been recorded

2000-2017

What is the trend in the level of offtake within the period covered by this record?

Increasing

Is there a regulatory or customary regime in place to govern this use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Provide Details of resource rights regime where relevant

To meet this accelerating demand, people are harvesting it at unsustainable rates and trading it across Nepal through both legal and illegal means

Geographic Location

West and Central Asia

Country

Nepal

Site Description

Nepal, our selected study area, lies along the slopes of the Himalayan mountain between China and India between 80 04’ e 88120 E and 2622’ e 30270 N

Is the site legally/formally protected?

Unknown/not recorded

Ownership

Unknown/Not Recorded

Management

Unknown/Not Recorded

Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)

National / local private sector

International private sector

Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?

Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE

Yes – use is negatively affecting the status (e.g., population is declining; extraction effort is increasing)

Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?

Unknown/not recorded

Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?

Unknown/not reported

Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species

Yes, it is having a negative effect (e.g., prey depletion, stress, disrupted breeding, movement, sleeping, feeding patterns)

Yes, negative (e.g., it destroys/ degrades it due to over-use)

Additional Details (if available)

The accelerated demand is attributed to the large and unrestricted harvestings from the natural population resulting in its decline. This decline is not only limited to P. polyphylla but also extended to its associated species such as Arisaema costatum, Daphne bholua and Trillidium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don. Local depletion of P. polyphylla populations cause a “ripple effect” onto several other species that are harvested and traded as substitutes for P. polyphylla.

Additional Details (if available)

We have found that the high demand for P. polyphylla has driven people to conduct harvests prematurely resulting in habitat degradation

Details of assessment carried out

To meet this accelerating demand, people are harvesting it at unsustainable rates and trading it across Nepal through both legal and illegal means; Illegal trade due to weak database management and porous border has also impacted the sustainability of these harvesting practices and made P. polyphylla vulnerable to extinction;

Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded

Contribution to GDP

Unknown/not recorded

Food

Energy

Medicine/healthcare

Education

Training/Skills

Land/Resource Rights

Decision Making

Conflict- people

Conflict- wildlife

Climate Change

Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?

Unknown/not recorded

Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?

Unknown/not recorded

Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?

Unknown/not recorded

Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?

Unknown/not recorded

Biological characteristics of target species

Absent

Is this use legal or illegal?

Some use is legal and some is illegal

Source Reference(s)

Kunwar, R., Adhikari, Y., Sharma, H., Rimal, B., Devkota, H., & Charmakar, S. et al. (2020). Distribution, use, trade and conservation of Paris polyphylla Sm. in Nepal. Global Ecology And Conservation, 23, e01081. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01081

current harvesting practices are making the species vulnerable to extinctions. For both local uses and markets, P. polyphylla in Nepal is harvested mainly from wild populations and thus its stock is gradually diminishing

Who is involved in the use?

Unknown/Not Recorded

Is there any gender/age specificity in the various roles

Unknown/not recorded

How many of these local jobs accure to the following categories?

How many people outside the local area are employed

Is there any evidence of other economic benefits associated with this use beyond direct income and jobs

Unknown/Not recorded

Scale of Assessment

National Level

IUCN National Red List Category

Not Evaluated (NE)