Species Use Database

Mallard Duck
Anas platyrhynchos

Used for Food and feed, Ceremony and ritual expression and Recreation in Great Britain

A. Species

Scientific name: Anas platyrhynchos

Common name(s): Mallard Duck

Global IUCN Red List Threat Status: Least Concern


B. Location of use

Geographic location(s):

  • Great Britain

Country/Region: United Kingdom


C. Scale of assessment

Scale of assessment: National Level

Name/Details of location: United Kingdom


D. Timescale of use

Start Year: 2008

End Year: 2018


E. Information about the use

How is the wild species sourced?: Wild species sourced from its natural habitat

Type of use: Extractive

Practice of use: Hunting and/or Trapping of live terrestrial and aerial animals

Lethal or non-lethal: Lethal

Does this use involve take/extraction of: The whole entire organism

Purpose(s) of end use: Food and feed, Ceremony and ritual expression and Recreation

Motivation of use: Income generation from trade (individual/household/community), Recreational, Traditional/Cultural/Spiritual and Population/Area Management

Is this use legal or illegal?: Legal under national law


F. Information about the Users

Which stakeholder(s) does the record primarily focus on?: Local people, National / local private sector and International external


G. Information about the sustainability of use

Is there evidence that the use is having an impact on the target species?: Wild species sourced from its natural habitat

Has an assessment (or judgement) of sustainability of the use of the target species from an ecological perspective been recorded?: Yes, considered unsustainable

Details of assessment carried out: The study used a Demographic Invariant Method (DIM) to estimate Potential Excess Growth (PEG) for populations of UK wintering waterbirds and calculated a Sustainable Harvest Index (SHI) for each species. It compared this with population trends and conservation classifications (e.g. Birds of Conservation Concern; BoCC) to assess the sustainability of harvests and the utility of these classifications.

Brief summary on why the use has been assessed/judged to be sustainable or unsustainable: The study found no relationship between SHI and short-term wintering trends or conservation classification under the UK’s BoCC framework. There was however a positive relationship between SHI and long-term wintering trends. However, the study also found evidence for potential overharvest of mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Eurasian teal Anas crecca, gadwall Mareca strepera, Canada geese Branta canadensis, greylag geese Anser anser and woodcock Scolopax rusticola. Whether DIM methods predict overharvest is highly dependent on estimates of maximum population growth rates inferring PEG.

Has an assessment (or judgement) of sustainability of the use of the target species from an economic perspective been recorded?: No, sustainability not determined

Has an assessment (or judgement) of sustainability of the use of the target species from a social perspective been recorded?: Yes, considered unsustainable

Details of assessment carried out: this study

Brief summary on why the use has been assessed/judged to be sustainable or unsustainable: The BASC has approximately 8,000 wildfowling members, who harvest an average of 8 birds each per season. This presents a major component of the UK's recreational hunting and fishing industry.

Has an assessment (or judgement) of sustainability of the use of the target species from a human health perspective been recorded?: No, sustainability not determined

Has an assessment (or judgement) of sustainability of the use of the target species from an animal health/welfare perspective been recorded?: No, sustainability not determined


Recommendations provided in the record to maintain or enhance the sustainability of the use of the target species

There is currently no clear policy instrument in the UK to support such a framework via controls on either harvest effort or mortality of waterfowl. The study states that its results suggest that UK based harvest is unlikely to be a major determinant of population trends for the majority of UK overwintering waterbirds, but harvest rates for some species may exceed that required to maintain stationary population growth. The lack of a relationship between conservation classifications and SHI strongly suggests that such conservation classifications are not an appropriate tool for making decisions about harvest management. Instead, this assessment provides the basis for a framework to make evidence-based decisions on sustainable harvest levels in the face of incomplete data. T


Record source

Information about the record source: scientific_pub

Date of publication/issue/production: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+0000

Source Reference(s):

Ellis, M. B., & Cameron, T. C. (2022). An initial assessment of the sustainability of waterbird harvest in the United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Ecology, 59 (11): 2839-2848. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14281

Date of record entry: 2022-11-15