Extractive (i.e., the entire organism or parts of the organism are removed from its environment)
If extractive, for the target species, is this use
Non-Lethal
Does this use involve take/extraction of
Only parts or products of the organism (e.g., feathers, leaves, branches, eggs, nuts)
Details of parts/products taken
extracting the oleoresin of Copaifera multijuga
most oil extraction takes places in a predatory manner and involves either using an axe to cut into the trunk, wasting the oil and injuring the tree, and sometimes even cutting down the entire tree.
Are specific characteristics/traits being targeted?
Unknown/not recorded
Purpose of Use
Basic subsistence (meeting day to day essential needs)
Income generation from trade at individual or household or community
Additional Details (if available)
The use of copaiba remains almost ubiquitous in Amazonian communities and it is one of the most commonly used and well-known medicinal plants in the region. Its medicinal applications include: bactericide, anti-helminth, analgesic, anti-tumor, trypanocide, gastric protector, wound-healer, and anti-inflammatory agent
What is the main end use for any living organisms, parts or products taken/extracted?
Local people (e.g., individuals, communities, co-operatives)
If more than one box ticked, please provide more details
Copaiba oil extraction from the forest tree is a common activity among indigenous people of the Amazon
Is the use part of a strategy to generate conservation incentives, to finance conservation, or to improve tolerance/stewardship?
Unknown/not recorded
Is there evidence that the use is affecting the conservation status of the species? HIDE
Unknown/not recorded
Is there evidence that the use is affecting natural selection?
Unknown/not recorded
Is there evidence that the use is affecting poaching of illegal wildlife trade?
Unknown/not reported
Is there any evidence that this use of the species is having a knock-on effect on the status of non-target species
Unknown/not recorded
Unknown/not recorded
Yes, considered sustainable
Details of assessment carried out
Trees with DBH > 41 cm are more effective to be used on oleoresin extraction due to their high production in the first harvesting. However, smaller trees DBH < 41 cm recovered their production faster than the bigger ones. They are able to recuperate 100% of their oleoresin in only one year, while trees with larger diameters require a longer period of time to recuperate their oleoresin content. Therefore, the extraction of oleoresin seems to be ecologically sustainable for trees with diameters between 30 and 41 cm. However, a larger-scale and longer period of monitor- ing of oleoresin production is necessary to verify if this is true.
Has a valuation of financial flows from this use at the site/national/international level been recorded
Has any assessment of socio-economic sustainability been recorded
Yes, considered sustainable
Details of assessment
Economically, the increase in demand for copaiba oil in local and international markets is favorable; Sales of the oil can compliment family income for traditional communities in the Amazon. The commercialization of copaiba oleoresin has supplied an alternative additional income for many traditional communities making their living through extractivism in the Amazon;
Has the use of the species been recorded as resulting in changes to human health in this record?
Unknown/not recorded
Has the species in use been noted as being of particular disease risk to humans?
Unknown/not recorded
Has the use of the species resulted in changes to animal welfare in this record?
Unknown/not recorded
Are there particular practices which have increased the risk to human or animal health or welfare in the use of this species?
Unknown/not recorded
Does the use of this species increase susceptibility to pathogen spread?
Unknown/not recorded
Unknown/not recorded
Strong community governance/institutions/rights for wildlife management
Absent
Supportive policy and legislative framework
Absent
Adequate capacity to implement and enforce governance arrangements
Absent
Good alignment of legal protections with local cultural values and traditional
Absent
Support from NGOs
Absent
Support from Government
Absent
High financial returns from use
Absent
Abundant population of target species
Absent
Biological characteristics of target species
Absent
Capacity building of community
Absent
Establishment and implementation of species and/or area management plan
Absent
Effective private sector approach engagement through certification
da Silva Medeiros, R., & Vieira, G. (2008). Sustainability of extraction and production of copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) oleoresin in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Forest Ecology And Management, 256(3), 282-288. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.041